Alexander Herzen
Alexander Ivanovich Herzen ( pseudonym of Iskander; Russian Александр Иванович Герцен, scientific transliteration Aleksandr Ivanovich Gercen; * 25 Märzjul / 6 April 1812greg in Moscow, .. .. † 9 Januarjul / 21 January 1870greg in Paris) was a Russian philosopher, writer and publicist.
Life
Origin and Youth
Heart was the son of posts originating from Stuttgart Louise Hague and the Russian nobles Ivan Alekseevich Yakovlev. His parents did not include a legally valid marriage, and so her son was named heart because he was a child of the heart. 1812 left his family as an infant with Alexander Moscow to begin negotiations with the Tsar in St Petersburg on behalf of Napoleon.
Two nannies, a Russian and an Alsatian, attracted to the heart. He soon gained access to her father's library, and read there for hours a day mainly French literature. At 15, he received religious education at an Orthodox priest, and his mother, he sometimes accompanied their programs in an Evangelical Lutheran church.
The Decembrist revolt in 1825 felt heart despite his young age as a defining experience. Shortly after he came into contact with NP Ogarev, should be the time of his life one of the closest friends heart.
Study time
Against the will of his father, who initially wanted to bring in the civil service heart, he joined in 1829 the faculty of the University of Moscow physical-mathematical one. He soon found access to an oppositional circle of students. Outstanding events of his studies were of cholera outbreak in Moscow and the visit of Alexander von Humboldt at Moscow University. He completed his studies from 1833 with an astronomical dissertation, for which he received a silver medal as an award.
Intellectual circles in Russia
On the night of July 20, 1834 the heart was arrested. Exactly nine months later, he was convicted and exiled to Vyatka due to allegedly tsar criticisms. It was not until 1838 he was allowed to Vladimir, in 1840 then return to Moscow. Prior to 1838 the heart had its distant relatives Natalie Alexandrovna Sachasjina secretly kidnapped from Moscow and eventually married.
After the banishment heart entered the civil service. He soon became a member of the Stankevich circle and got in touch with WG Beliniski, MA Bakunin, TN Granovsky and others. Even with Ogarev he met again. Outstanding impact on this group had the philosophy of Hegel, on the heart in the aftermath wrote several treatises.
From the Stankevich circle the groups of Westerners, of whom also the heart counted, on the one hand, and the Slavophiles on the other hand, both pushed for reforms in the Russian state formed.
Emigration and publishing activities
On May 6, 1846, died heart Father, and the intellectual circles in which the heart had moved, broke away gradually on. So did not have much heart in his home, and after he had laboriously obtain a passport, he left on January 21, 1847 with his family in Russia towards Europe.
First, he undertook a grand tour of Europe, which led him, inter alia, to Konigsberg, Berlin, Cologne, Brussels and finally to Paris. There he experienced after the February Revolution, the bloody crackdown of an uprising in June 1848. He spent the following years in Geneva, then in Nice, where he made the acquaintance of Garibaldi. Soon after, overtook heart several blows of fate: only his mother and his youngest son were killed in 1851 in a shipwreck, then his wife died Natalie on May 2, 1852 of a lung inflammation.
Since August 1852 heart stayed in London, where he met representatives of political emigration, as Louis Blanc, Gottfried Kinkel, Lajos Kossuth and Giuseppe Mazzini. Heart was now increasingly politically active, committed himself to the agreement of the democratic movements of Russia and Poland, founded in 1853, the Free Russian Press, where writings were printed in Russian without censorship. From 1855 he gave the almanac Poljarnaja Zvezda ( " The Polar Star" ) out two years after he founded the magazine Kolokol ( " The Bell" ), which appeared 1857-1867.
Heart journalistic influence on Russian public decreased abruptly when he 1863 uprising of Poland as a signal for the collection of the entire Slavic world welcomed. Embittered by personal tragedies and political failure is the heart withdrew from public life. He lived after 1863 usually in Geneva or Brussels, and finally died during a stay in Paris on 21 January 1870.
Works
- Who is to blame? [Roman ] (Original Title: Acct vinovat? ) 1847 partly read online; Reprint: In: Classic pages. European Higher Education -Verlag, Bremen 2010, ISBN 978-3-86741-184-4
- 1854 read Russian social conditions, Hamburg online
- The Memoirs of a Russian: In state prison and Siberia, Hamburg 1855 Read online
- Episode 3: Childhood memories, Hamburg 1856 read online
- Episode 4: read something thought and experienced, Hamburg 1859 online
- 5th & 6th part: Memories (Paris- London 1847-55 ), Berlin 1907 read online