Amomum

Amomum cf dealbatum

Amomum is a genus in the subfamily Alpinioideae from the ginger family ( Zingiberaceae ), which belongs to the monocot plants. With about 230 species is one of the most species-rich genus in the ginger family. Some species are used as a spice and medicinal plants by humans.

5.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Amomum species are perennial herbaceous plants. They are widely creeping rhizomes as outlasting. There are usually formed well-developed " pseudo- tribes " of usually many, rarely only one to four leaves. The leaf sheath is long. The leaf shed ( ligules ) are simple or bilobed. Leaf blades are oblong or lanceolate.

Generative features

Direct from the rhizome on a short to very long, covered with scaly sheaths, inflorescence stem develops a terminal, racemose, ähriger, rispiger inflorescence in which the flowers are close together. In many species the inflorescence looks like peg- shaped. Each flower is about a usually tubular cover.

The hermaphrodite, zygomorphic flowers are triple with double perianth. The three sepals are fused Roehrig. The three petals are fused Roehrig with an upright Corolla lobe that is longer, wider and more convex than the two lateral ones. Only the median stamen of the inner circle is fertile; it has a long, well-developed stamens. The appendages of the dust bag are simple, two - or three-lobed. All other stamens are reduced to staminodes and at least one or three missing. The two lateral staminodes of the outer circle are pfriemförmig, small or absent. The mean Staminodium of the outer circle is missing. The two lateral staminodes of the inner circle are fused to a so-called labellum; it is the most conspicuous part of the flower Represents the most wrong - ovate and broadly concave labellum is yellow to orange in the center, has some red veins or characters, and often have a white border. Three carpels are fused to a dreikammerigen ovary with many ovules in each ovary chamber. The thin stylus usually ends in a funnel-shaped, ciliated scar.

The irregularly shaped fruit capsules have a smooth, angular, or prickly surface and contain many seeds. The rectangular or angular seeds have a fleshy or membranous aril.

Occurrence

The main distribution area is Southeast Asia. Individual species come from the Himalayas through Southeast Asia to northern Australia and to the central Pacific or. In China, 39 species occur, of which 29 are just there. It grows almost exclusively in tropical regions. Most Amomum species thrive as an evergreen large plants in moist forests, especially in clearings and forest edges. There are also some rare epiphytes and seasonal green, small plants in the herb layer of forests.

System

The genus Amomum belongs to the tribe Alpinieae in the subfamily Alpinioideae within the family of Zingiberaceae.

The genus Amomum was for the first time in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus placed in Monandria Monogynia with four types: Amomum zingiber, Amomum zerumbet, Amomum cardamomum and Amomum grana - paradisi. These four species are now considered Aframomum K.Schum. , Zingiber Boehm and Elettaria Maton. The currently valid publication of the genus Amomum was made in 1820 by William Roxburgh in Plants of the Coast of Coromandel, 3, pp. 75, with the type species of Amomum Roxb subulatum. Synonyms for Amomum Roxb. are: Meistera Giseke, Paludana Giseke, Paramomum SQTong, Wurfbainia Giseke. The genus name derives from the Greek word Amomum ἄμωμον, amomon from which was used for an Indian Gewürzpflanzenart. The current classification of the genus into two subgenera may Yong -Mei Xia et al. 2004 are not confirmed, also a division into sections is not possible with the current results of the molecular genetic studies; it show up well confirmed clades, but further studies are required to show the relationships clear.

The genus Amomum contains about 150 to 200 species (there are constantly adding new types ):

Amomum acre Valeton
Amomum Roxb aculeatum.
Amomum acuminatum Thwaites
Amomum alborubellum K.Schum. & Lauterb.
Amomum angustipetalum S.Sakai & Nagam.
Amomum anomalum R.W.Sm.
Amomum apiculatum K.Schum.
Amomum aquaticum noise.
Amomum argyrophyllum Ridl.
Amomum aromaticum Roxb.
Amomum austrosinense D.Fang
Amomum benthamianum Trimen
Amomum bicorniculatum K.Schum.
Amomum bicornutum Ridl.
Amomum biflorum Jack
Amomum bilabiatum S.Sakai & Nagam.
Amomum blumeanum Valeton
Amomum borealiborneense I.M.Turner
Amomum borneense ( K.Schum. ) R.M.Sm.
Amomum botryoideum Cowley
Amomum brachychilus K.Schum.
Amomum brachypodanthum K.Schum.
Amomum bulusanense Elmer
Amomum burttii R.M.Sm.
Amomum calophrys K.Schum.
Amomum calyptratum S.Sakai & Nagam.
Amomum cannicarpum ( Wight ) Benth. ex Baker
Amomum capsiciforme S.Q.Tong
Amomum centrocephalum A.D.Poulsen
Amomum cephalotes Ridl.
Amomum cerasinum Ridl.
Amomum chaunocephalum K.Schum.
Amomum chinense W.Y.Chun
Amomum citrinum ( Ridl. ) Holttum
Amomum compactum Sol. ex Maton
Amomum conoid ( Ridl. ) Elmer
Amomum coriaceum R.M.Sm.
Amomum coriandriodorum S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia
Amomum corynostachyum Wall.
Amomum cylindraceum Ridl.
Amomum dallachyi F.Muell.
Amomum deorianum D.P.Dam & N.Dam
Amomum deuteramomum K.Schum.
Amomum dictyocoleum K.Schum.
Amomum dimorphum M.F.Newman
Amomum dolichanthum D.Fang
Amomum durum S.Sakai & Nagam.
Amomum echinatum Willd.
Amomum echinocarpum Alston
Amomum elegans Ridl.
Amomum elephantorum Pierre ex Gagnep.
Amomum epiphyticum R.M.Sm.
Amomum flavidulum Ridl.
Amomum flavoalbum R.M.Sm.
Amomum flavorubellum K.Schum. & Lauterb.

Amomum fragile S.Q.Tong
Amomum fulviceps Thwaites
Amomum gagnepainii T.L.Wu, K.Larsen & Turland
Amomum garoense S.Tripathi & V.Prakash
Amomum ghaticum K.G.Bhat
Amomum glabrum S.Q.Tong
Amomum Globba J.F.Gmel.
Amomum gracile flower
Amomum gramineum Wall. ex Baker
Amomum graminifolium Thwaites
Amomum gymnopodum K.Schum.
Amomum gyrolophos R.M.Sm.
Amomum hansenii R.M.Sm.
Amomum hastilabium Ridl.
Amomum hedyosmum I.M.Turner
Amomum hirticalyx K.Schum.
Amomum hochreutineri Valeton
Amomum holmesii K.Schum.
Amomum hypoleucum Thwaites
Amomum irosinense ( Elmer) Merr.
Amomum jainii S.Tripathi & V.Prakash
Amomum jingxiense D.Fang & D.H.Qin
Amomum kinabaluense R.M.Sm.
Amomum kingii Baker
Amomum koenigii J.F.Gmel.
Amomum kwangsiense D.Fang & X.X.Chen
Amomum lacteum Ridl.
Amomum lambirense R.M.Sm.
Amomum laoticum Gagnep.
Amomum lappaceum Ridl.
Amomum laxisquamosum K.Schum.
Amomum lepicarpum Ridl.
Amomum ligulatum R.M.Sm.
Amomum linearifolium Elmer
Amomum loheri K.Schum.
Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu
Amomum longipedunculatum R.M.Sm.
Amomum longipetiolatum Merr.
Amomum lophophorum ( Ridl. ) Elmer
Amomum luteum R.M.Sm.
Amomum luzonense Elmer
Amomum macrodons Scort.
Amomum macroglossa K.Schum.
Amomum masticatorium Thwaites
Amomum maximum Roxb.
Amomum menglaense S.Q.Tong
Amomum mengtzense H.T.Tsai & P.S.Chen
Amomum micranthum Ridl.
Amomum microcarpum C.F.Liang & D.Fang
Amomum microcheilum ( Ridl. ) Merr.
Amomum mindanaense Elmer
Amomum molle Ridl.
Amomum muricarpum Elmer
Amomum muricatum Bedd.
Amomum nemoral ( Thwaites ) Trimen
Amomum neoaurantiacum T.L.Wu, K.Larsen & Turland
Amomum ochreum Ridl.
Amomum odontocarpum D.Fang
Amomum oliganthum K.Schum.
Amomum ovoideum Pierre ex Gagnep.
Amomum padangense K.Schum.
Amomum palawanense Elmer

Amomum paratsaoko S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia
Amomum pauciflorum Baker
Amomum paucifolium R.M.Sm.
Amomum pausodipsus K.Schum.
Amomum pellitum Ridl.
Amomum pierreanum Gagnep.
Amomum propinquum Ridl.
Amomum pterocarpum Thwaites
Amomum pubescens ( Ridl. ) Merr.
Amomum pubimarginatum Elmer
Amomum pungens R.M.Sm.
Amomum purpureorubrum S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia
Amomum putrescens D.Fang
Amomum quadratolaminare S.Q.Tong
Amomum queenslandicum R.M.Sm.
Amomum repoeense Pierre ex Gagnep.
Amomum rival Ridl.
Amomum robertsonii Craib
Amomum roseisquamosum Nagam. & S.Sakai
Amomum sarasinorum K.Schum.
Amomum Scarlatinum H.T.Tsai & P.S.Chen
Amomum sceletescens R.M.Sm.
Amomum schlechteri K.Schum.
Amomum Roxb sericeum.
Amomum siamense Craib
Amomum somniculosum S.Sakai & Nagam.
Amomum spiceum Ridl.
Amomum squarrosum Ridl.
Amomum staminidivum Gobilik, ALLamb & ADPoulsen
Amomum stenocarpum Valeton
Amomum stenophyllum K.Schum.
Amomum subcapitatum Y.M.Xia
Amomum Roxb subulatum.
Amomum sumatrense Ridl.
Amomum tephrodelphys K.Schum.
Amomum terminal Ridl.
Amomum testaceum Ridl.
Amomum thysanochililum S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia
Amomum tomrey Gagnep.
Amomum trachycarpum K.Schum.
Amomum trianthemum K.Schum.
Amomum trichanthera Warblers.
Amomum trichostachyum Alston
Amomum truncatum Gagnep.
Amomum tsaoko Crevost & Lem.
Amomum tuberculatum D.Fang
Amomum uliginosum J.König
Amomum utriculosum ( Ridl. ) Holttum
Amomum vermanum S.Tripathi & V.Prakash
Amomum verrucosum S.Q.Tong
Amomum vespertilio Gagnep.
Amomum vestitum K.Schum.
Amomum villosum Lour.
Amomum warburgianum K.Schum. & Lauterb.
Amomum warburgii ( K.Schum. ) K.Schum.
Amomum xanthophlebium Baker
Amomum yingjiangense S.Q.Tong & Y.M.Xia
Amomum yunnanense S.Q.Tong

Use

Many Amomum species are used in traditional Chinese medicine. Amomum tsaoko is a major food crop in China. Black cardamom ( Amomum subulatum ) is used as a spice.

Swell

Delin Wu & Kai Larsen: Zingiberaceae in Flora of China, Volume 24, p 333: Amomum - Online. ( Description section )
Yong -Mei Xia, W. John Kress, Linda M. Prince: Phylogenetic Analyses of Amomum ( Alpinioideae: Zingiberaceae ) Using ITS and matK DNA Sequence Data, In: Systematic Botany, Volume 29, Issue 2, 2004, pp. 334-344: doi: 10.1600/036364404774195520: Full -text online. ( Section systematics and distribution )

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