Arachis

Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea )

The peanuts ( Arachis ) are a genus of flowering plants in the subfamily of the Fabaceae ( Faboideae ) within the legume family ( Fabaceae ). The approximately 80 species are native only in the Neotropics. In addition to the globally-used type peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) and a few other species are grown.

  • 6.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

The Arachis species grow as annuals to perennial herbaceous plants. The stalk is independently upright to creeping.

The alternate arranged leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The paired pinnate leaf blade usually has two pairs on the rachis against constantly confronting almost sedentary leaflets. The large, membranous stipules are partially adherent to the petiole, stipules of leaflets are not available.

Generative features

The pendant, aged men inflorescences may contain two to seven flowers, but usually they are reduced to a bloom. The bracts are membranous, with the lowermost two peaks has.

The more or less sessile, hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and fünfzählig double perianth. Four of the five membranous, narrow sepals are fused, and the fifth is free; they increase in size to form seeds. The crown has the typical structure of the Fabaceae. The five petals are yellow, sometimes with red stripes. The flag is almost circular and nailed only briefly at the base. The two free wings are elongated and auriculate. The boat is beaked and bent inward. Of the original ten stamens are often missing one or two. All stamens are fused with each other. There are two forms in the anthers, long and short alternate. The single most sedentary carpel usually has two or three, rarely up to six ovules. The " Gynophor " extended -called base of the carpel and curves after fertilization - as the fruit passes under the earth. The fast transient, very long, thin style ends in a tiny scar.

The elongated legumes contain one to five, rarely up to six seeds and are constricted between them something. These underground legumes do not open automatically. The thick fruit walls have a net-like surface. The egg-shaped or oblong seed has two abundant oil-bearing seed leaves ( cotyledons ).

In Arachis chromosome numbers be in the diploid species 2n = 20 and 2n = 40 tetraploid species

Dissemination

The original distribution area of ​​about 80 species is primarily in the eastern and central South America, but extends south to Paraguay and Uruguay.

System

The first publication of the genus name Arachis was in 1753 by Linnaeus with the type species of Arachis hypogaea L. Species Plantarum, 2, p 741 In Krapovickas & Gregory 1994 69 species are listed and in Valls & Simpson in 2005 came to 11 species. The genus Arachis belongs to the tribe Dalbergieae in the subfamily Faboideae within the Fabaceae family.

The genus Arachis is divided into nine sections with about 80 species:

  • Section Arachis: With approximately 31 species: Arachis batizocoi Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis × batizogaea Krapov. & A.Fernández
  • Arachis benensis Krapov. , W.C.Greg. & C.E.Simpson
  • Arachis cardenasii Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis Correntina ( Burkart ) Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis cruziana Krapov. , W.C.Greg. & C.E.Simpson
  • Arachis decora Krapov. , W.C.Greg. & Valls
  • Arachis duranensis Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis glandulifera Stalker
  • Arachis gregoryi C.E.Simpson, Krapov. & Valls
  • Arachis helodes Mart. ex Krapov. & Rigoni
  • Arachis herzogii Krapov. , W.C.Greg. & Valls
  • Arachis hoehnei Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L., syn. Arachis hypogaea f nambyquarae ( Hoehne ) FJHerm, Arachis hypogaea var nambyquarae ( Hoehne ) Burkart, Arachis nambyquarae Hoehne, Arachis Rasteiro A.Chev. ): With several subspecies and varieties.
  • Arachis ipaensis Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis Kempff mercadoi Krapov. , W.C.Greg. & C.E.Simpson
  • Arachis krapovickasii CESimpson, DEWilliams, Valls & IGVargas
  • Arachis kuhlmannii Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis linearifolia Valls, Krapov. & C.E.Simpson
  • Arachis magna Krapov. , W.C.Greg. & C.E.Simpson
  • Arachis microsperma Krapov. , W.C.Greg. & Valls
  • Arachis monticola Krapov. & Rigoni
  • Arachis palustris Krapov. , W.C.Greg. & Valls
  • Arachis praecox Krapov. , W.C.Greg. & Valls
  • Arachis schininii Krapov. , Valls & C. E.Simpson
  • Arachis simpsonii Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis steno cum Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis trinitensis Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis valida Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis villosa Benth.
  • Arachis williamsii Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis repens Handro
  • Arachis archeri Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis benthamii Handro
  • Arachis brevipetiolata Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis cryptopotamica Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis douradiana Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis gracilis Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis hatschbachii Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis hermannii Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis major Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis martii Handro
  • Arachis oteroi Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis paraguariensis Chodat & Hassl.
  • Arachis porphyrocalyx Valls & C.E.Simpson
  • Arachis stenophylla Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis burchellii Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis lutescens Krapov. & Rigoni
  • Arachis macedoi Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis marginata Gardner
  • Arachis pietrarellii Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis prostrata Benth.
  • Arachis retusa Krapov. , W.C.Greg. & Valls
  • Arachis setinervosa Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis submarginata Valls, Krapov. & C.E.Simpson
  • Arachis dardanoi Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis giacomettii Krapov. et al.
  • Arachis interrupta Valls & C.E.Simpson
  • Arachis pusilla Benth.
  • Arachis seridoensis Valls, C.E.Simpson, Krapov. & R.Veiga
  • Arachis sylvestris ( A.Chev. ) A.Chev.
  • Arachis appressipila Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis Chiquitana Krapov. , W.C.Greg. & C.E.Simpson
  • Arachis hassleri Krapov. et al.
  • Arachis kretschmeri Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis lignosa ( Chodat & Hassl. ) Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis matiensis Krapov. , W.C.Greg. & C.E.Simpson
  • Arachis pflugeae C.E.Simpson, Krapov. & Valls
  • Arachis rigonii Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis subcoriacea Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis vallsii Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis burkartii Handro
  • Arachis glabrata Benth.
  • Arachis pseudovillosa ( Chodat & Hassl. ) Krapov. & W.C.Greg.
  • Arachis guaranitica Chodat & Hassl.
  • Arachis tuberosa Benth.
  • Arachis triseminata Krapov. & W.C.Greg.

Use

In addition to the known type peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) and a few other species are grown, such as Arachis pintoi, Arachis glabrata Arachis sylvestris and. On the cultivated forms of peanut ( Arachis hypogaea ) several species are involved. From the seeds of edible oil as well as peanut butter is produced and components are now present in many products of the food industry. The seeds ( " Peanuts " ) are eaten roasted.

Salted roasted peanut kernels are preferred served in many countries around the world as snack to beer.

Arachis repens is used as an ornamental plant.

Health

Peanuts are due to the fiber contained as a digestive aid.

Swell

  • Ren Sat & Alfonso Delgado Salinas: Aeschynomeneae in the Flora of China, Volume 10, 2010: Arachis, pp. 132 - Online. ( Description section )
  • SI Ali: Papilionaceae in the Flora of Pakistan: Arachis - Online. ( Description section )
  • R. K. Brummitt, D.K. Harder, G. P. Lewis, J. M. Lock, R. M. Polhill & B. Verdcourt: Arachis Leguminosae, Flora Zambesiaca, Vol 3, Part 3, 2000: Online.
  • Robert Hegnauer: chemotaxonomy of plants, Volume XIB -2, Springer, 2001 ISBN 3-7643-5862-9. Online at Google Books. ( Arachis: from page 503)
  • Ravi Koppolu, Hari D. Upadhyaya, Sangam L. Dwivedi, David A. Hoisington & Rajeev K. Varshney: Genetic relationships among seven sections of genus Arachis Studied by using SSR markers, In: BMC Plant Biology, 2010, Volume 10, Article 15, full -text online. doi: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-15
  • A. Krapovickas & WC Gregory: Taxonomía del género Arachis (Leguminosae ) In: Bonplandia, 8, 1994, pp. 1-186.
  • JFM Valls & CE Simpson: New species of Arachis from Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia, in: Bonplandia 14, 2005, pp. 35-64.
  • Guillermo Seijo, Graciela I. Lavia, Aveliano Fernandez, Antonio Krapovickas, Daniel A. Ducasse, David J. Bertioli & Eduardo A. Moscone: Genomic relationships in between the cultivated peanut ( Arachis hypogaea, Leguminosae) and its close relatives revealed by double GISH Am. J. Bot, 2007 Volume 94, Issue 12, pp. 1963-1971: Full -text online. doi: 10.3732/ajb.94.12.1963
  • Marcos A. Gimenes, Catalina R. Lopes & Jose F. M. Valls: Genetic relationships among Arachis species based on AFLP, In: Genetics and Molecular Biology, Volume 25, No. 3, São Paulo, 2002: Full -text online. doi: 10.1590/S1415-47572002000300017
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