Astereae

Mountain Aster (Aster amellus )

The Astereae are a tribe of the subfamily herbaceous plants within the sunflower family ( Asteraceae). It has an almost worldwide distribution.

  • 3.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

They are mostly perennial, sometimes one or two perennial herbaceous plants, rarely subshrubs, shrubs or trees. Some species are xerophytes. They often form rhizomes than outlasting.

Often the leaves are sometimes in basal rosettes ( basal leaves ) and / or usually alternate, rarely opposite or whorled on the stem distributed ( cauline ) arranged. The leaves are usually stalked or rarely sessile. The leaf blades are simple or pinnately divided. The leaf margins may be smooth or toothed. Especially with xerophytic species spreading are dotted with glandular. There are no stipules present.

Inflorescences and flowers

The basket- shaped partial inflorescences are rarely individually, schirmtraubigen usually several to many in most cases, rarely racemose, aged men, total paniculate inflorescences together. The flower heads are Pseudanthien, so act ecologically flowers " Flowers". In Baccharis the flower baskets are disc-shaped and homogam: all flowers are hermaphrodite. For all other genera of this tribe, the inflorescences are diskus or radiate and heterogam: they contain hermaphroditic and functionally unisexual flowers. The most stationary spiral or sometimes in three to five or more rows, free, durable or early falling bracts are unequal, herbaceous, papery to trockenhäutig or have trockenhäutige margins and / or tips. Sometimes the bracts are in one or two rows and are only slightly unequal, herbaceous with little to clear trockenhäutigen edges and / or points. The mostly flat to conical, sometimes concave cup soils usually have no chaff leaves. Only Eastwoodia and Rigiopappus chaff leaves are present.

The flower heads contain a single row ( occasionally two or multi-row ) wreath of ray florets (also called ray florets ) or have no ray florets and disc florets always (also called disc florets ). The ray florets are usually functionally male, female or rarely functionally sterile. The color spectrum of the petals of the ray florets white covers, pink, red, blue and purple or often yellow. For example, in some species Conyza the tongues are greatly reduced. The tubular flowers are usually bisexual and fertile, rarely, for example in Benitoa functionally male. The color spectrum of the petals of florets white covers, pink, red, blue and purple or often yellow. The tubular flowers are always radial symmetry with usually five, rarely four Kronzähnen. The anthers have a blunt or rounded, not tailed base and at its upper end usually triangular appendage to rulers; rarely missing appendage. The stylus pen with two lineal branches are bare and smooth or papillose on the bottom and the top has two lines with scar tissue from its base to its tip or the appendages; the appendages are usually delta-shaped to lanceolate.

Fruits

The achenes of a flower basket can all be the same ( monomorphic ) or there are two different types ( Heterokarpie, dimorphic ). The achenes are more or less columnar to prismatic and fünfrippig or sometimes flattened and zweirippig; sometimes they are beaked. The surface of the achenes is smooth, spiny or wrinkled and bald or hairy, then often with glandular hairs. It is usually a tough Pappus present, the rare one, usually two to three or more rows of mostly bearded bristles, rarely scales that are sometimes awned consist of; very often it is both scales and bristles or awns. The propagation units ( diaspores ) are the achenes with pappus her.

Systematics and distribution

The Tribe Astereae has an almost worldwide distribution. They thrive mainly in the temperate latitudes. In North America, there are about 77 genera with about 719 species.

The Tribe Astereae was erected in 1819 by Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini in Journal de Physique, de Chimie et d' Histoire Naturelle des Arts, 88, p 195. The name of the type genus Aster L. is derived from the Latin word for star astrum, star and refers to the radiating arrangement of the beam or ray florets in the flower basket. The Tribe Astereae was ranked particularly in the works of K. Bremer 1994 GL Nesom 1994, 2000 and Richard D. Noyes & Loren H. Rieseberg 1999 new.

The Tribe Astereae is the second largest tribe of Astereaceae and is divided into 18 subtribe with 170 to over 200 genera and about 3000 species.:

  • Subtribe Asterinae ( Cass. ) Dum. ( Syn: subtribe Heterochrominae Benth. ): It contains about 13 genera: Arctogeron DC:. Contains only one type: Arctogeron gramineum DC. It occurs in Siberia.
  • Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees: It is native to China; Varieties are grown throughout the temperate latitudes as an ornamental plant.
  • Galatella cretica Gand.
  • Tripolium pannonicum ( Jacq. ) Dobrocz. Halophyt This is common in Eurasia, of course, and in many countries is a neophyte.
  • Subtribe Astranthiinae GLNesom: it contains only four genera with about 40 species: Astranthium Nutt: The approximately eleven species are distributed from the southern United States to Mexico.
  • Dichaetophora A.Gray: it contains only one type: Dichaetophora campestris A. Gray: It is used in the USA (from Texas to northeastern Mexico) before.
  • Geissolepis suaedifolia BLRob. It is located in central Mexico.
  • Subtribe Baccharidinae Less. ( Subfamily Baccharidoideae Burmeist, Tribe Straight Thal Aminae Endl. . ): It contains only three genera with about 400 species: Archibaccharis Heering ( Syn: Hemibaccharis SFBlake ): With about 32 species: mainly in Mexico and Central America, only one or two species in South America.
  • Baccharis L. (syn.: .. . Molina Ruiz & Pav, Sergilus Gaertn, Tursenia Cass, Cass Pingraea, Baccharidastrum Cabrera, Baccharidiopsis GMBarroso, Neomolina Hellwig nom Illegit non Honda & Sakis. .. ): The about 360 species are mainly distributed in the Neotropics and northward into the central and coastal United States.
  • Heterothalamus Less: ., The only two species are widespread in southern Brazil and Uruguay.
  • Subtribe Bellidinae Willk. ( Syn: . Tribus Bell ideae Cass ex D.Don, Tribe Bellieae DC ex Godr. .. ): It contains only two genera with only about twelve species: Daisy (Bellis L. ): The eight species are native to Europe and invasive in many countries outside Europe plants.
  • Bellium L.: The only four species are native to southern Europe, for example: Genuine Miniature Daisy ( Bellium bellidioides )
  • Bellium minutum
  • Subtribe Boltoniinae GLNesom: it contains only three genera with only seven species: Batopilasia G. L. Nesom & Noyes: it contains only one type: Batopilasia byei ( SDSundb. & GLNesom ) GLNesom & Noyes: It occurs in northwestern Mexico.
  • Chloracantha spinosa ( Benth. ) GLNesom: It is found in the southwestern United States ( east to Louisiana), south through Mexico to Panama before.
  • Subtribe Brachyscominae GLNesom: It contains about seven genera: Allittia PSShort: From Brachyscome spun: With two species in southeastern Australia and Tasmania.
  • Brachyscome Cass. ( Syn: Brachycome Cass. ): With about 70 species in Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand and New Caledonia. Some species are used as ornamental plants.
  • Calotis R.Br.: With about 28 to 30 species mainly in Australia.
  • Ceratogyne Turcz. Contains only one type:
  • Ceratogyne obionoides Turcz. It is located in southeastern Australia.
  • Hullsia PSShort: it was spun off from Brachyscome and contains only one type: Hullsia argillicola PSShort: It is native to northern Australia.
  • Pembertonia latisquamata ( F.Muell. ) PSShort: It is native to western Australia.
  • Subtribe Chaetopappinae GLNesom: it contains only two genera with about 13 species: Chaetopappa DC. ( Syn: Distasis DC. ): With approximately eleven species in the southern United States and northeastern Mexico.
  • Monoptilon Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray ( Syn: Eremiastrum A. Gray ): With only two species in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.
  • Subtribe Chrysopsidinae GLNesom: It contains about seven genera with about 70 species: Chrysopsis ( Nutt. ) Elliott ( Syn: Diplopappus Cass, Inula L. sect Chrysopsis Nutt.. . ): With approximately eleven species on the south coast of the USA.
  • Croptilon Raf. ( Syn: Isopappus Torr & A. Gray. ): With only three types of the southeastern United States to northeastern Mexico.
  • Heterotheca Cass. With about 25 to 30 species in the U.S., Canada and Mexico.
  • Noticastrum DC. ( Syn: Aplopappus ( Haplopappus ) sect Leucopsis DC, Leucopsis ( DC.) Baker.. ): With about 19 species in the Andes and southern South America.
  • Osbertia Greene: With only three species in Mexico and Guatemala.
  • Pityopsis Nutt. With about seven species in the southeastern United States and a kind from Mexico to Central America.
  • Tomentaurum G.L.Nesom: it contains only one type: Tomentaurum niveum ( S.Wats. ) GLNesom: It occurs in northwestern Mexico.
  • Subtribe Conyzinae Horan. ( Syn: Tribe Erigeroneae Gren & Godr. . ): It contains eight genera with about 500 species: Aphanostephus DC. With only four species in the southern United States and Mexico.
  • Apopyros GLNesom: With only two species in Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina.
  • Conyza Less. ( Syn: Conyzella Fabric, Leptilon Raf.. ): Mainly with about 60 to 100 species in the tropics and Suptropen; some species are pantropical neophytes.
  • Darwiniothamnus Harling: With only two species in the Galapagos.
  • Erigeron L. (syn.: Trimorpha Cass, Polyactis Less, Achaetogeron A.Gray, Astradelphus Remy, Wyomingia A.Nelson. . ): With approximately 400 species North and South America, the Caribbean Islands, the Galapagos and in Eurasia.
  • Hysterionica Willd. With only about seven species in southeastern South America.
  • Leptostelma D.Don: With only about five species in southeastern South America.
  • Neja D.Don: With about six species in southeastern South America and Cuba.
  • Subtribe Grangeinae Benth. in Benth. & Hook. f: it contains about 15 genera: Akeassia J.- P.Lebrun & Stork: It contains only one type: Akeassia grangeoides J.- P.Lebrun & Stork: It occurs in West Africa and the Congo.
  • Ceruana pratensis Forssk. It occurs in northern and western Africa.
  • Colobanthera waterlotii Humbert: It occurs in Madagascar.
  • Dacryotrichia robinsonii Wild: It occurs in Zambia.
  • Grangeopsis perrieri Humbert: It occurs in Madagascar.
  • Gyrodoma hispida ( Vatke ) Wild: It occurs in Mozambique.
  • Mtonia glandulifera Beentje: It is distributed in eastern Africa.
  • Subtribe Hinterhuberinae Cuatrec. Contains approximately 32 genera: Achnophora F.Muell. Contains only one type: Achnophora tatei F.Muell. It occurs in Australia, Kangaroo Iceland.
  • Aylacophora deserticola Cabrera: It occurs in central Argentina.
  • Blakiella bartsiifolia ( SFBlake ) Cuatrec. Coming into Colombia and Venezuela.
  • Damnamenia vernicosa ( Hook. f ) DRGiven: It occurs in New Zealand.
  • Flosmutisia paramicola Cuatrec. It occurs in the Colombian Páramo.
  • Guynesomia scoparia ( Phil.) Bonifacino & Sancho: It occurs in Chile.
  • Lepidophyllum cupressiforme ( Lam.) Cass. It occurs in Patagonia.
  • Novenia acaulis (. .. Wedd. ex Benth in Benth & Hook f ) SEFreire & F.Hellw. Coming into the Andes from northern Argentina to southern Peru before.
  • Pachystegia insigne Cheeseman: It occurs in New Zealand.
  • Pacifigeron rapensis ( F.Br. ) GLNesom: It occurs in Polynesia, Rapa Iceland.
  • Paleaepappus patagonicus Cabrera: It occurs in Patagonia.
  • Subtribe Homochrominae Benth. in Benth. & Hook. f (including subtribe Feliciinae GLNesom ): It contains about 13 genera: Amellus L.: With approximately twelve species in the Capensis.
  • Chamaegeron Schrenk: With about four species in Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan.
  • Chrysocoma L.: With about 20 species in the Capensis.
  • Engleria O.Hoffm. With only two species in Angola and Namibia.
  • Kapastern ( Felicia Cass, Syn. Detris Adans, Agathaea Cass, Cass Charieis. .. ): The approximately 80 to 85 species are widespread in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.
  • Gymnostephium Less. ( Syn: Heteractis DC. ): With about eight species in the Capensis.
  • Jeffreya Wild: The only kind: Jeffreya palustris ( O.Hoffm. ) Wild. It occurs in Tanzania.
  • Roodebergia kitamurana B.Nord. It occurs in the Capensis.
  • Subtribe Lagenophorinae GLNesom. Contains 13 genera with about 40 species. Keys Seria Lauterb. Twelve species in Indonesia and Hawaii.
  • Lagenophora Cass. ( Syn: . Lagenifera Cass orth var rej. ): With about 14 species in Southeast Asia, Australasia, the Pacifischen Islands, Central and South America.
  • Lagenocypsela Swenson & K.Bremer: With only two species in New Guinea.
  • Myriactis Less: . With only two species in the Neotropics, in eastern Asia, Indonesia and the Philippines.
  • Nova Guinea D.J.N.Hind. With the only kind: Nova Guinea rudalliae DJNHind: It is native to New Guinea.
  • Piora ericoides JTKost. Based in New Guinea.
  • Rhynchospermum verticillatum Raw. It occurs in the eastern and southeastern Asia.
  • Subtribe Machaerantherinae G. L. Nesom: It contains about 19 genera: Arida ( R.L.Hartm. ) D.R.Morgan & R.L.Hartm. ( Syn: Machaeranthera Nees sect Arida RLHartm. . ) With about nine species in the western United States and northern Mexico.
  • Benitoa D.D.Keck: it contains only one type: Benitoa occidentalis ( HMHall ) DDKeck: It occurs in California.
  • Corethrogyne californica DC. Among the northwestern United States (Oregon ) to Baja California Norte.
  • Stephanodoria tomentella ( BLRob. ) Greene: Based in central Mexico.
  • Subtribe Pentachaetinae GLNesom: It contains three genera with about eight species: Pentachaeta Nutt. The six species are found only in California and Baja California Norte.
  • Rigiopappus A.Gray: it contains only one type: Rigiopappus leptocladus A. Gray: It is used in the northwestern United States.
  • Tracyina rostrata SFBlake: It grows on grassy slopes at elevations of 100 to just over 300 yards only in California.
  • Subtribe Podocominae GLNesom: It contains about 17 genera: Asteropsis Less: . Contains only one type: Asteropsis macrocephala Less: . It is native to Brazil and Uruguay.
  • Dichromochlamys dentatifolia ( F.Muell. ) Dunlop: It is located in central Australia.
  • Isoetopsis graminifolia Turcz. It is native to Australia.
  • Kippistia suaedifolia F.Muell. It is native to southern Australia.
  • Microgynella trifurcata ( Less. ) Gray: It is located in southeastern Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay.
  • Subtribe Solidagininae O.Hoffm. Contains approximately 27 genera: Acamptopappus ( A. Gray ) A. Gray: With two species in the southwestern United States.
  • Amphiachyris ( DC.) Nutt. ( Syn: . Brachyris Nutt sect Amphiachyris DC.. ): With two species in southern central United States.
  • Amphipappus Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray: It contains only one type: Amphipappus fremontii Torr. & A. Gray ex A. Gray: It is native to the southwestern United States.
  • Chihuahuana purpusii ( Brandegee ) Urbatsch & RPRoberts: It is resident in northern Mexico.
  • Chrysoma pauciflosculosa ( Michx ) Greene: It is native to the southeastern United States.
  • Columbia Doria hallii ( A. Gray ) GLNesom: It is native to the northwestern United States.
  • Cuniculotinus gramineus ( Chrysothamnus gramineus ) ( HMHall ) Urbatsch, RPRoberts & Neubig ( Syn: Petra Doria discoidea LCAnderson ): It is native to the western United States.
  • Eastwoodia elegans Brandegee: It is native to California.
  • Gymnosperma glutinosa ( Spreng. ) Less: . It is common in the southwestern United States and southward to Guatemala.
  • Medranoa parrasana ( SFBlake ) Urbatsch & RPRoberts: It is native to Mexico ( Coahuila and Zacatecas ).
  • Oreochrysum parryi ( A. Gray ) Rydb. It is native to the western United States and northwestern Mexico.
  • Petra Doria pumila ( Nutt. ) Greene: It is native to the southwestern United States.
  • Thurovia triflora Rose: It is located in southeastern Texas.
  • Toiyabea alpina ( Haplopappus alpina) ( LCAnderson & S.Goodrich ) RPRoberts, Urbatsch & Neubig: It is native to the western United States.
  • Xylovirgata pseudobaccharis ( SFBlake ) Urbatsch & RPRoberts: It is native to Mexico ( Coahuila ).
  • Subtribe Symphyotrichinae GLNesom: it contains five genera with about 100 species: Almutaster Å.Löve & D.Löve: it contains only one type: Almutaster pauciflorus ( Nutt. ) Å.Löwe & D.Löve: Your home ranges from central Canada to Mexico.
  • Aster carolinianus traffic light (Walter ) GLNesom: It is native to the eastern United States in the coastal plains.
  • Canadanthus modestus ( Lindl. ) GLNesom: It is native to North America from Alaska south to Montana and Michigan, west to the southeast of Canada ( New Brunswick).
  • Not classified as any of the subtribe are: Commidendron DC:. Using four types on St. Helena.
  • Ericameria Nutt. With about 31 species in the western United States and northwestern Mexico.
  • Eucephalus Nutt. Eleven species in the northwestern United States (including California ) and in western Canada.
  • Eurybia ( Cass. ) SFGray: With about 28 species in North America and northeastern Asia.
  • Heteroplexis CCChang: With only three species in China.
  • Ionactis Greene: With five species in the U.S. (including four in the western and the eastern part ).
  • Melanodendron DC:. Contains only one type: Melanodendron integrifolium DC. It occurs on St. Helena.
  • Pembertonia latisquamea ( F.Muell. ) PSShort: It occurs in Australia.
  • Psiadiella humilis Humbert: It occurs in Madagascar.
  • Sarcanthemum coronopus Cass. It occurs on the island of Rodrigues.
  • Triniteurybia aberrans ( A.Nelson ) Brouillet: It is native to the western United States.
  • Vernoniopsis caudata ( Drake ) Humbert: It occurs in Madagascar.

Swell

  • Theodore M. Barkley, Luc Brouillet & John L. Strother: Asteraceae: Astereae - Online, In: . Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 20: Magnoliophyta: unranked ( in part ): Asteraceae, part 2, Oxford University Press, New York, among others 2006, ISBN 0-19-530564-7. (Section Description, systematics and distribution )
  • Tim Lowrey et al.: For the classification of the tribe of The Astereae Working Group, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
  • Richard D. Noyes, Loren H. Rieseberg: ITS sequence data support a single origin for North American Astereae ( Asteraceae) and reflect deep geographic divisions in Aster sl In: American Journal of Botany, 86 (3 ), 1999, pp. 398 Full Text PDF.
Asterids Asteroideae Henri Cassini Pseudanthium Pappus (flower structure) Aster (genus) Caucasus Mountains Halophyte Congo Basin Kangaroo Island Costa Rica Bolivia Hispaniola Olearia Rapa Iti Mascarene Islands
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