Bartonella
Bartonella
Bartonella is a genus of bacteria. It is usually parasitically within the host cells (intracellular ) live bacteria. Most endothelial cells are the host cells or red blood cells (erythrocytes). Carriers are insects for most species. In humans and other vertebrates the different types triggers a wide range of infectious diseases. The various forms of disease in humans are collectively referred to as Bartonellosen. Bartonella is the only genus of the family Bartonellaceae.
Bartonella is named after the Peruvian physician and microbiologist Alberto Leonardo Barton ( 1870-1950 ).
Features
There are small ( 0.5-0.6 × 1.0 microns), thread-like, rod-or drop-shaped bacteria. They are among the gram- negative bacteria. For the metabolism of free oxygen is needed, they are aerobically.
Some species possess active movement Pili, also species with polar flagella before coming. You are not obligate intracellular, that is, they can also live outside of cells and thus can be cultivated on agar. This property separates them from the Rickettsiales to which they were assigned earlier. For cultivation hemin is required.
Bartonella as pathogens
The three major pathogenic species for humans are Bartonella bacilliformis, B. quintana and B. henselae.
Bartonella bacilliformis has 1-10 polar flagella, and sub-polar or lateral flagella before coming. This type triggers the Oroya fever, from which developed as the second phase of the disease the Verruga peruana ( Peruvian wart ). The vectors are mosquitoes ( sandflies, Lutzomyia ), the man is the main host.
Bartonella quintana has no flagella and is the trigger of the five- day fever, peliosis hepatis and the bacillary angiomatosis. The transferor is the body louse. The bacterium is thereby excreted by the louse with the feces.
The species Bartonella henselae is responsible for cat scratch disease and B. quintana also responsible as peliosis hepatis and for bacillary angiomatosis for. It also does not have flagella. The reservoir is the domestic cat, mosquito to humans is the cat or the cat flea.
Further, brought with infectious diseases of man in connection types are:
- Bartonella clarridgeiae ( cat scratch disease )
- Bartonella elizabethae ( endocarditis)
- Bartonella grahamii ( retinitis )
- Bartonella vinsonii subsp. aurepensis ( bacteremia )
- Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii ( endocarditis)
Some non-pathogenic species:
- Bartonella Alsatica, hosts are rabbits
- Bartonella doshiae, host rodents
- Bartonella grahamii rodents, insectivores ( Insectivora )
System
The genus Bartonella was separated from the order Rickettsiales and now assigned to a family, the Bartonellaceae. The two genera Graham Ella and Rochalimaea, formerly assigned to the Rickettsiales are now asked to Bartonella. Bartonella is the only genus of the family Bartonellaceae.
The closest relatives of Bartonella are Agrobacterium, Rhizobium and Brucella. As Bartonella they belong to the Alphaproteobacteria. Species of Brucella are as well Bartonella intracellular parasites of mammals. Agrobacterium and Rhizobium can occur as parasites or mutualistic in plants. All are no obligate intracellular parasite and can be cultured in vitro.
A selection of Types:
- Bartonella Alsatica Heller et al. 1999
- Bartonella bacilliformis ( Strong et al. 1913) Strong et al. 1915
- Bartonella birtlesii Bermond et al. 2000
- Bartonella bovis Bermond et al. 2002
- Bartonella Capreoli Bermond et al. 2002
- Bartonella chomelii Maillard et al. 2004
- Bartonella clarridgeiae Lawson and Collins 1996
- Bartonella cooper plain sensis Gundi et al. 2009
- Artonella doshiae Birtles et al. 1995
- Bartonella elizabethae ( Daly et al., 1993) Brenner et al. 1993
- Bartonella grahamii Birtles et al. 1995
- Bartonella japonica Inoue et al. 2010
- Bartonella queenslandensis Gundi et al. 2009
- Bartonella quintana ( Schmincke 1917) Brenner et al. 1993
- Bartonella schoenbuchensis Corrig. Dehio et al. 2001
- Bartonella talpae ( Ristic and Kreier 1984) Birtles et al. 1995
- Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii Kordick et al. 1996