Bibliography

A Bibliography ( altgr. for " Books Description", formerly Bibliognosie or Bibliology ) is an independent directory of references or the creation or the doctrine of the creation of such a list. Previously, Bibliography common practice as an expression for the books customer. While the monograph includes a complete treatise on a subject, the bibliography provides a complete overview of the literature on a subject at a certain selection criterion. The compilation of the title can be alphabetic, systematic or chronological order, as appropriate, with the value of the title can be taken into account. Bibliographies, the evidence used literature as part of another work therein shall be rather called a bibliography. The creator of a bibliography is called bibliographer.

Application and forms

Bibliographies are an essential tool in science and for the development of literature, for example in libraries ( there collected in the form of library catalogs, which can be regarded as a subset of the bibliography ).

The catalog of the Library of Congress is an important bibliographic source for university libraries.

In contrast to traditional library catalogs, bibliographies, but can also registered dependent literature, that is, articles from journals and anthologies, which are often not be determined otherwise.

Depending on the content, a distinction between Allgemeinbibliografien and bibliographies, as they are always aligned with a very specific purpose. This can be a substantive issue (total literature of a subject area, Thematic Book List ), but, for example, the publication ( national bibliography, University of fonts and others).

In a national bibliography, the total publications of a country are recorded. It is usually created by the National Library of a country. The German national bibliography is created by the German National Library (DNB ) and is the largest directory of German literature. It covers all the submitted deposit copies of publications in Germany and abroad published German -language publications, including translations into German. In Austria there is the Austrian national bibliography and in Switzerland, the Swiss book. National bibliographies appear mostly in annual volumes, now also complete on CD -ROM. In addition, there are such directories for certain periods of time.

A particular genus represent the periodical directories that exist for almost every country. The first such directories originated in Germany, Frankfurt measuring Catalogue (1564-1749) and Leipzig Measurement Catalog (1594-1860), later the General Bibliography of Hinrichs ( 1842), since 1893 under the title: Weekly Bibliography of Books and the prepared news of the German book trade.

Under an annotated bibliography (also analytical bibliography, bibliography raisonnée ) refers to a list of fonts, which is not limited to the mere recording documents titles and publication dates, but commented on the works according to their content or judged.

Hidden bibliographies are published in the appendix of a work bibliographies, which can not be seen as an independently published works.

Bibliographies are traditionally mostly published in book form; today is the electronic form as a CD database or as an online database through more and more. Other examples are the index form, for example, library catalogs, or the band shape in library catalogs of older date, here are the titles recordings were continuously recorded on blank pages and glued into book volumes. Additions have been inserted in strip form or as whole pages. A more recent form of the bibliography or the catalog is the microfiche technology with appropriate readers. It is, however, now completely replaced by electronic databases.

Bibliographies in databases and catalogs

To the listing of literature in a bibliography with the help of metadata exist in the general standards (eg, RAK, AACR ) and data formats (eg MARC, MAB, Dublin Core, BibTeX ). For private use there is for creating and managing bibliographies different reference management programs. Besides the work of libraries and authors are bibliographies in specific areas also jointly created by individuals - for example, the comic book guide and the CD title database freedb. These databases are often not directly referred to as bibliographies - also because they rarely meet library and scientific claims. Also, library catalogs are usually referred to only as Bibliography, provided that they are present as inventories in printed form.

The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA ) in 1998 presented with the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, a data model for the structuring of bibliographic databases, which defines four basic entities:

• Work - a mental or artistic creation (for example, Goethe's Faust )
• Expression - a realization of a creation by publishing, editing, translation, etc. (for example, a read version of Goethe's Faust )
• Manifestation - a physical implementation of an expression ( for example, a specific audiobook edition )
• Item - a single instance of a manifestation (eg a concrete CD)