Bromus

Rye brome ( Bromus secalinus )

The brome ( Bromus ) are a genus of plants of the family Gramineae ( Poaceae ). They are found worldwide.

Features

Brome grasses are annual, annual or overwintering perennial grasses. The one-year grow in tufts or individual stems that are perennial grass or clump -forming. Rarely occur underground runners. The stems are usually erect or geniculate - ascending, they have more than one node.

The leaf sheaths are fused almost to the top and are usually hairy. The ligule is a membranous hem. Leaf blades are rolled in the bud position, rarely folded. Later, they are flat, hairy and can stalk comprehensive ears have.

The inflorescence is a panicle usually, but can also be formed racemose or even reduced to a spikelets. The panicle is expanded or contracted, erect or pendulous. The branches of the panicle are in two rows from the main axis, are branched or unbranched. The spikelets consist of several to many flowers and are usually compressed laterally. The flowers are hermaphrodite, the top florets are often reduced and sterile. The two glumes are usually unequal, shorter than the spikelet and have a thin skin edge. On the back are rounded, often they have a keel. The outer glume is one -to seven- annoying, the inner three to nine annoying (rarely to 13 - annoying ). The lemmas 5-7 (rarely 13) nerves are membranous to coarse and have a thinner edge. Above them are ganzrandig and pointed or - mostly - notched. They usually carry a awn, which starts slightly below the upper Spelzenrandes or at the notch. The palea have two nerves are mostly shorter than the lemmas are tender and ciliate on the keels. There are three, one or two rare stamens, anthers are 0.5 to 6 mm long. The ovary is grown from 2 or 3 carpels. The stamp has been called at the top of a membranous, white, densely hairy appendage, even secondary branches or Stigmae. The stems are short and wears long, dense feathery scars.

The florets fall to seed maturity of individually, the stop glumes. These decays the Ährchenachse on the glumes and between the florets. The caryopsis has an oblong- elliptical outline. At the top she is wearing a membranous, short- haired appendage. On the umbilical side of the caryopsis is recessed rinnig, rounded at the embryo side. It is overgrown with deck and palea. The embryo is one-eighth to one-sixth so long as the fruit. The navel is linear and extends almost the entire length of the fruit.

System

The genus of brome ( Bromus ) is provided within the family in the subfamily Pooideae, tribe Bromeae. Where - as here - leave the sometimes treated as separate genera Zerna, Anisantha, Bromopsis and Ceratochloa as sections of the genus, so Bromus comprises around 100 species.

The occurring in Central Europe species are:

• Arable brome ( Bromus arvensis L.); Home: Europe, Middle East and Central Asia, South Africa, America, New Zealand
• Rough Forest brome ( Bromus benekenii ( Lange) Trimen ); Home: North Africa, Europe and Asia
• Short -spiked brome ( Bromus brachystachys Hornung ); Home: Germany, now extinct
• Platt spiked brome ( Bromus carinatus Hook & Arn. . ); Home: North America, naturalized in the British Isles and the Netherlands
• Oat Grass Similar brome grass or pampas brome ( Bromus catharticus Vahl ); Home: South America, naturalized in North America and Southern Europe
• Meadow brome or brome confused ( Bromus commutatus Schrad. ); Home: Europe, Caucasus
• Sealing Blossom brome ( Bromus conde satus hack. )
• United spiked brome or brome High Gussone - brome ( Bromus diandrus Roth); Home: North Africa, Southern Europe, Western Asia
• Upright Brome ( Bromus erectus Huds. ); Home: Europe, North Africa, Western Asia, naturalized in North America
• Thickness brome ( Bromus grossus Desf ex DC. . ); Home: Belgium, Southern Germany
• Soft brome ( Bromus hordeaceus L.); Home: Europe, Middle East, North Africa, Macaronesia, naturalized in America, Japan, Hawaii, Australia and New Zealand
• Unbegrannte brome or defenseless brome ( Bromus inermis Leyss. ); Home: Europe, Asia, America, South Africa and Australia naturalized
• Japanese brome ( Bromus japonicus Thunb ex Murray. ); Home: North Africa, Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia, naturalized in North America
• Petite brome ( Bromus lepidus Holmb. ); Unknown, naturalized home in Europe
• Mediterranean brome ( Bromus madritensis L.); Home: North Africa, Southern Europe, Western Asia, the Americas and Australia naturalized
• Hungarian brome ( Bromus pannonicus Kumm & Sendtn. . ); Home: Eastern and Southeastern Europe
• Incorrect rye brome ( Bromus pseudosecalinus PM Sm )
• Grape brome or brome racemose ( Bromus racemosus L.); Home: Europe. Turkey, the Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan
• Common forest brome ( Bromus ramosus Huds. ); Home: North Africa, Europe, Middle East, Himalayas
• Rye brome ( Bromus secalinus L.); Home: Europe, Asia, naturalized in North America
• Saving Fingered brome ( Bromus squarrosus L.); Home: North West Africa, central Sahara, Europe, Middle East and Central Asia, Western Siberia, Himalayas, North America and Chile naturalized
• Dove brome ( Bromus sterilis L.); Home: Northwest Africa, Europe, Middle East and Central Asia, the Americas, Australia and New Zealand naturalized
• Downy brome ( Bromus tectorum L.); Home: North Africa, Canary Islands, Europe, Middle East and Central Asia, naturalized in America, Greenland, Australia, the Philippines, New Zealand and Hawaii
• Dune brome ( Bromus thominii Hardouin ); Home: coasts of Europe and Turkey, naturalized in North America
• Transylvania brome ( Bromus transsilvanicus Steud. ); Home: Northern Italy, Balkan Peninsula, Romania

Other types (outside of Central Europe, selection):

• Snake brome ( Bromus briziformis Fish & CA Mey.. ); Home: Caucasus, northern Iran, Central Asia, Alaska, and Canada naturalized
• Ardennes - brome ( Bromus bromoideus ( Lej. ) CREP. ); Home: France and Belgium, now extinct
• Bromus danthoniae Trin.; Home: Turkey, Caucasus, Iran, Central Asia
• Langgrannige brome ( Bromus macrostachys Desf. ); Home: Southern Europe, Middle East and Central Asia, Himalayas, Western Siberia, naturalized in North America
• Stiff brome ( Bromus rigidus Roth); Home: North Africa, Southern Europe, Western Asia, Central Eastern Europe naturalized
• Foxtail brome ( Bromus rubens L.); Home: North Africa, Southern Europe, Middle East and Central Asia, naturalized in the United States
• Stocky brome ( Bromus scoparius L.); Home: North Africa, Southern Europe, Western Asia, eastern Russia

Documents

• Siegmund Seybold (ed.): Schmeil Fitschen - interactive ( CD -Rom ), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6
• Walter Erhardt et al: The big walleye. Encyclopedia of plant names. Volume 2 Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7