Canavalia

Jack bean ( Canavalia ensiformis )

Canavalia is a genus in the subfamily Fabaceae ( Faboideae ) within the legume family ( Fabaceae ). The genus name is derived from that used on the Malabar Coast trivial name of the species Canavalia ensiformis: " kanna - valli " directly translated as " forest climber". There are about 46 to 51 Canavalia species. It is one of the genres of Faboideae whose types are called beans.

Description

Canavalia species grow as creeping or climbing, self erect, perennial herbaceous plants or woody plants: shrubs or lianas; They can be evergreen or deciduous. Resin may be present. They are not armed with spines or thorns. The climbing species squirm up counterclockwise. Some species develop root nodules. The alternate and spirally or two lines on the stem are arranged distributed leaves are stalked, herbaceous or leathery, and usually pinnate. There are three 4 to 15 cm long leaflets available, the leaves are thus three parts. The flat leaflets are entire, and flat. The two resistant or early falling stipules are among themselves freely and not adherent to the petiole, sometimes they are only tiny and scale-like.

The flowers are for two to six in tufts at the swollen nodes present the pendant, composite scheintraubigen inflorescences together. There are bracts and early sloping, small bracts present.

The stalked, hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and fünfzählig. The five unequal sepals are fused with two cup lips the cup lips are most as long as the upright calyx tube. The upper calyx lip consists of two partially fused, longer calyx lobes; the lower calyx lip consists of three shorter calyx lobes. The corollas possess the typical structure of the butterfly flower. There are five petals present, which can be nailed; the two lower petals are fused to the boat in some species are also two more overgrown. The colors of the petals range from pink to purple. The flag is not normally developed but spurred auriculate at the base and has appendages. The two wings are not attached to the boat and have no spur. The boat also has no spur and is typically designed; in some species a rotated inward beak is present. The ten fertile stamens are not fused with the petals and it change significantly longer with shorter off. Of the ten fertile stamens all or nine stamens are fused into a tube, but not adherent to the petals. There are nectar glands on the discus available. The individual upper permanent carpels contain two to 15 ovules. The curved stylus is hairy but not bearded, with a small scar. Gynophor sometimes formed. Pollination is mainly about insects there are Hymenoptera ( entomophily ).

Straight to curved pulses have a length of 7 to 22 cm. The legumes are non-septate between the seeds and more or less or not constricted. Each fruit contains four to 15 seeds. The not -edged seeds can have an aril. The distribution unit ( diaspore ) is the seed.

Use

Some species are cultivated for food production:

  • Jack bean ( Canavalia ensiformis (L. ) DC. )
  • Sword bean ( Canavalia gladiata ( Jacq. ) DC. )

Since they fix nitrogen ( Rhizobium root nodules ), they are important for soil improvement.

Especially in Mexico, the beach or sea bean bean ( Canavalia rosea ( Sw. ) DC, Syn: Canavalia maritima Thouars. ) (Active ingredient: L- Betonicine ) used as a hallucinogen; sometimes part of the drug " Spice".

Dissemination

The genus has a wide distribution; there are species in the tropics and subtropics worldwide.

System

The genus belongs to the subtribe Canavalia Diocleinae the tribe Phaseoleae in the subfamily Fabaceae ( Faboideae ) within the legume family ( Fabaceae ). The first publication of the genus was made in 1763 by Michel Adanson as Canavali in Familles des plantes, 2:325,531 - (. ICBN, 1983, No. 3891 ) is still valid today: the spelling of Canavalia, 1825 by Augustin- de Candolle Pyrame in Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis was published 2:403. Many species formerly belonging to the genus Dolichos L.. Synonyms for Canavalia Adans. are: . Clementea Cav, Cryptophaeseolus Kuntze, Wenderothia Schltdl ..

There are about 46 to 51 Canavalia species:

  • Canavalia acuminata Rose
  • Canavalia altipendula ( Piper ) Standlschmaus.
  • Canavalia aurita J.D.Sauer
  • Canavalia bicarinata Standlschmaus.
  • Canavalia boliviana Piper
  • Canavalia bonariensis Lindl.; it occurs in South Africa, Reunion, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay
  • Canavalia brasiliensis Mart. ex Benth. ( Syn: Canavalia anomala Piper, Canavalia caribaea Urb, Canavalia fendleri Piper, Canavalia leptophylla Piper, Canavalia mexicana Piper, Canavalia panamensis Piper, Canavalia paraguayensis Piper, Piper Canavalia prolifica ex Ricker. )
  • Canavalia campylocarpa Piper ( Syn: Canavalia Dictyota Piper ); it occurs in the Caribbean, Central and South America
  • Canavalia cathartica Thouars ( Syn: Canavalia microcarpa ( DC.) Piper, Canavalia turgida Graham ex A. Gray, Canavalia virosa ( Roxb. ) Wight & Arn, Dolichos virosus Roxb, Lablab microcarpus DC.. . ); it occurs in Africa, Asia, Australia and Pacific Islands
  • Canavalia centralis St.John
  • Canavalia concinna J.D.Sauer
  • Canavalia Dictyota Piper
  • Canavalia dolichothyrsa G.P.Lewis
  • Canavalia dura J.D.Sauer
  • Jack bean or Madagascar bean ( Canavalia ensiformis (L. ) DC. )
  • Canavalia eurycarpa Piper
  • Canavalia favieri ICNielsen: Art from New Caledonia.
  • Canavalia forbesii St.John
  • Canavalia galeata ( Gaudich. ) Bird ( syn. Dolichos galeatus Gaudich. ); it occurs in Hawaii
  • Canavalia glabra ( M.Martens & Galeotti ) J.D.Sauer
  • Sword bean ( Canavalia gladiata ( Jacq. ) DC. ) ( Syn. Dolichos gladiatus Jacq. )
  • Canavalia grandiflora Benth.
  • Canavalia haleakalaensis St.John
  • Canavalia hawaiiensis Degener & al.
  • Canavalia hirsutissima J.D.Sauer; it occurs in Mexico, El Salvador and Guatemala
  • Canavalia iaoensis St. John
  • Canavalia kauaiensis J.D.Sauer
  • Canavalia kauensis St.John
  • Canavalia lineata ( Thunb. ) DC. (. Syn. Dolichos lineatus Thunb ); it occurs on the Philippine, Indochina, China and East Asia
  • Canavalia macrobotrys Merr. ( Syn: Canavalia luzonica Piper ); it occurs in Celebes and the Philippines
  • Canavalia macropleura Piper; it occurs only in Venezuela
  • Canavalia madagascariensis J.D.Sauer
  • Canavalia makahaensis St.John
  • Canavalia mattogrossensis (. Barb.Rodr ) Malme (. Syn: Mucuna mat Wholesalers sensis Barb.Rodr, Wenderothia mattogrossensis ( Barb.Rodr ) Piper. ); it is found in South America
  • Canavalia matudae J.D.Sauer
  • Canavalia megalantha Merr.; it is found only on Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands on
  • Canavalia microsperma Urb.
  • Canavalia Wight & Arn mollis.
  • Canavalia molokaiensis O.Deg. et al.; it is found only in Hawaii ( Molokai )
  • Canavalia munroi ( Degener & Degener ) St.John
  • Canavalia napaliensis H.St.John; it is found only in Hawaii ( Kaua'i )
  • Canavalia nitida ( Cav. ) Piper ( Syn: Canavalia rusiosperma Urb, Clementea nitida Cav.. ); it occurs only in the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic and the Virgin Islands
  • Canavalia nualoloensis St.John
  • Canavalia obidensis Ducke
  • Canavalia oxyphylla Standlschmaus. & L.O.Williams
  • Canavalia palmeri ( Piper ) Standlschmaus.
  • Canavalia papuana Merr. & L.M.Perry
  • Giant bean ( Canavalia plagiosperma Piper )
  • Beach bean, sea bean or MacKenziebohne ( Canavalia rosea ( Sw. ) DC, Syn: .. Canavalia maritima Thouars, Canavalia obtusifolia DC, Dolichos maritimus Aubl, Dolichos obtusifolius Lam, Dolichos roseus Sw.. . )
  • Canavalia veillonii ICNielsen: New species from New Caledonia.
  • Canavalia villosa Benth.; coming into America from Mexico to Ecuador before.

No longer belongs to the genus:

  • Canavalia grandis ( wall. ex Benth. ) Short → Dysolobium grande ( wall. ex Benth. ) Prain
Rosids Augustin Pyramus de Candolle Agricultural Research Service
161580
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