Charlotte Bühler
Charlotte Buhler, born Malachowski ( born December 20, 1893 in Berlin, † February 3, 1974 in Stuttgart) was a German developmental psychologist.
Life
Charlotte Bühler was born as the eldest of two children of the Jewish government architect Hermann Malachowski and his wife Rose, née Kristeller, in Berlin.
After attending high school in 1913, she took the study of natural sciences and the humanities at the University of Freiburg and the University of Berlin. In 1918 she received his doctorate in Munich with the font creation over thoughts: Experimental studies on the psychology of thought to the Dr. phil. In the same year she went with Karl Bühler to Dresden, where Charlotte continued research in child and adolescent psychologist field and prepared her habilitation. In 1920 she qualified as a professor at the Technical University Dresden and received the teaching license in Saxony.
Charlotte Malachowski Buhler Karl married on 4 April 1916. In 1917, the daughter of Ingeborg and 1919 the son Rolf was born. Charles died in 1963 in Los Angeles. She herself fell ill in 1970 and returned in 1971 with their children back to Stuttgart, where she died 80 years old.
Work
In 1923, Charlotte Buhler's teaching license was transferred to the University of Vienna, 1929, she was appointed associate professor. Both Bühler worked closely together in the new institute in which they were asked for their research available to a laboratory.
Here they acquired through their research and publications in the next few years, the international prestige that the name of the "Vienna school child psychology " by Charlotte Buhler - led, which is still carried on in this spirit in the Charlotte Bühler Institute.
In March 1938 she learned during a stay in London from the " Anschluss ". Karl Bühler was taken into protective custody on 23 March 1938 and as a result were both, as they were of Jewish origin, removed from the university. About relations with Norway Charlotte Buhler reached the release of her husband after six and a half weeks and in October 1938, the family was able to reunite in Oslo.
Both received a professorship at Fordham University in New York City for 1938, which, however, did not materialize. Karl Bühler then accepted a professorship in Saint Paul, Minnesota, while Charlotte Bühler remained in Norway, as they had already been adopted in 1938 at the same time each professor at the University of Oslo and Trondheim Academy teachers. Only after an urgent request of her husband in 1940, she emigrated to the United States to Saint Paul, which she succeeded shortly before the occupation of Norway.
In 1942 she took over the position of a senior psychologist at the Central Hospital of Minneapolis. In 1945, it took the U.S. citizenship and moved to Los Angeles, California, as Chief Psychologist of the County General Hospital. This function she held until her retirement in 1958, at the same time she was a professor of psychiatry at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. Then they led in Beverly Hills private practice.
Writings
- In Dresden in 1922 appeared The psychic life of the young, which used a developmental perspective in youth psychology for the first time. A projective test method, which is due to Charlotte Bühler, the Bühlersche world test.
- In Vienna, specializing in infants and adolescent psychology, the researcher established a focus of experimental research on the basis of diaries and behavioral observations ( "Vienna School "). With her assistant Hildegard Hetzer, which in 1927 replaced by Lotte Schenk- Danzinger, she developed and developing intelligence tests for young children that are still used today.
- In 1933, the human life course as psychological problem, first included in the German-speaking advanced age in a lifespan psychology and the gerontological psychology is assigned. It is therefore deemed as an early pioneer of Gerontopsychology.
- In the U.S., she developed four " basic tendencies " of human life: the satisfaction of needs, self-limiting adaptation, creative expansion, maintaining internal order; other formulations of this denominated Trends for personal satisfaction, after adjusting for the purpose of obtaining security, creativity or self-expression and for order. She created along with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow the foundations of humanistic psychology.
Honors
- She was named godmother for the 1992 Founded in Vienna " Charlotte Bühler Institute for Practice -Oriented Early Childhood Research"
- In 1995, a memorial plaque for her and Karl Bühler was at the Palais Epstein in Vienna revealed
- Dresden and received Emsdetten Charlotte Bühler streets and Vienna to Charlotte Bühler way
Publications
The list of her publications includes 168 works, several of which have been translated into 21 languages.
- The Tale and the child's imagination. Barth, Leipzig, 1918.
- The psychic life of the young: an attempt to analyze and theory of mental puberty. G. Fischer, Jena, 1922.
- Childhood and adolescence: genesis of consciousness. Hirzel, Leipzig 1928.
- The human life course as psychological problem. Hirzel, Leipzig, 1933.
- Practical child psychology. Lorenz, Vienna, Leipzig.
- Child and family studies of the interaction of the child with his family. Fischer, Jena, 1937.
- Infants tests: development testing from 1 to 6 years of age. Barth, Munich 1952.
- Psychology in the life of our time. Droemer / Knaur, Munich, Zurich 1962.