Cluniac Reforms
The Cluniac reform was a connection from the Benedictine monastery of Cluny in Burgundy spiritual reform movement of the Catholic Church of the Middle Ages, the first captured the monastic life and the papacy. Triggered had the reform of the moral decline of the church in the so-called dark centuries of church history, as of the end of the Carolingian Empire 882-962, church life was morally fallen to a low point and serious abuses had developed.
The main idea of the reform were:
Stood by a reform of the convent economy and detachment of the monasteries from the claim to power of the bishops; the monasteries were directly under the protection of the Pope. In the dispute between Pope and Emperor ( the Investiture Controversy ) refrained from Cluny to take sides, but stand on issues of simony and celibacy on the part of the reform popes.
History of reform
Already with the first Abbot Berno ( 919-925 ) a turn to ancient monastic ideals began, which was then continued by Abbot Odo ( 927-942 ). The consuetudines Cluniacenses spread quickly in the South of France and Italy also found in soil. Here particularly in St.Maria Aventinese and Montecassino. In addition to the return to Benedictine principles ( in the variant of the Benedict of Aniane ) and increased spirituality ( including the ceremony service and the miracle of faith ) the exemption from the secular dependence was also quickly operated, in addition to the exemption from the competent diocesan parish well as the rounding of the monastery's possessions and the call to the jurisdiction of the territory included.
The outgoing Cluny movement coincided with a canonical development, the Pseudo- Decretals ( around 835-850 ), a collection of partially fake decrees, synodal and papal letters to the creation of a priority in every respect the Papacy, available made to order basis thereof to call for a strengthening of the bishops, it mainly over the corresponding secular rulers and always with an eye on a strong papacy, from where you can make to preserve just meant the independence of the smaller dioceses. ( Other Collections in this context are the Hispania Gallica Augustodunensis, capitula Angilramni and the collection of Benedict Levita ).
By the 11th century, especially under Abbot Odilo ( 994-1049 ), then a church-political turn of reform took place. Returning they do so on the frequent presence of eximierten monks in Rome, where little of secular rulers restricted monks now vorfanden a pope who was by no means free from such constraints as spiritual leader of his church. In particular, the election and appointment of the Pope found himself almost entirely in the hands of the Roman city of nobility. Other off- ecclesiastical influences were added. The struggle against these factors, against simony and Nicolaitism, again klerikalisierte once monastic embossed reform. Under V.A. the participation of Humbert of Silva Candida, Anselm of Lucca and Hildebrand influenced as the Cluniac reform as a monastic reform the Gregorian reform as a reform of the Church.
Similar efforts can be found in other places. The Lorraine reform, for example, lacked only the calls of papal independence. After Germany, the reform movement came later, because in the old Benedictine monasticism had formed here against a lot of resistance (especially in the Abbey of St. Gall). A sequel then found himself in the so-called Hirsauer reform.