Cognitive bias
Cognitive distortion ( in the original English cognitive bias) is a cognitive psychology collective term for systematic ( non-random ) tendencies in perception, memory, thought and judgment. They usually remain unconscious. Often this results in cognitive heuristics, such as judgment heuristics.
Examples
- Attribution error, also correspondence bias: The tendency to rarely seek the cause of an observed behavior too often in the acting person and in the external conditions.
- Confirmation bias, confirmation bias also: The tendency to select and interpret information so that they meet the company's expectations.
- Illusion of control, and illusion of control: being able to control the false assumption of random events by own behavior.
- Hindsight bias, hindsight bias also: The distorted memory of their own predictions that are made with respect to an event after the event has occurred.
- Illusory correlation, the erroneous perception of a causal link between two events.
- Impact Bias: The psychological impact of a negative event featured as job loss or separation from a partner are systematically too strong expected in duration and depth.
- Scope Insensitivity / Scope neglect, the failure to observe the ( small ) size of a problem. For example, people explain in a study prepared on average, 78 USD for the rescue of 20,000 birds to pay. If they are, however, asked the willingness to pay for the rescue of 2,000 birds, comes out on average almost the same value.
- The maintenance of a positive, consistent self-image self- worth are the relevant distortion and the Lake Wobegon - effect.
- The tendency to use situational cues to causal attribution of emotions, see two-factor theory of emotion.
- To make the inclination to read generic and specific masculine role or stereotypical assumptions ( excavator driver = man), see gender bias.
- The tendency to see patterns in data streams, even if there are none there, see apophenia, clustering illusion, Pareidolia.