Cornett
The zinc ( tines, also Lituus, Italian Cornetto, Eng. Cornett ) is a historic musical instrument that had its heyday in the early 17th century. It was usually made of wood, rarely also made of ivory and one according to the Hornbostel -Sachs system as chromatic trumpet finger hole to the class of lip gloss - AeroPhone in the group of aerophones (also called Brass ). With the valve Cornet of zinc has nothing to do.
Play
The zinc is blown like a trumpet, in principle, that is, the sound is in a cup-shaped mouthpiece - produced with the lips - usually made of wood, horn, brass or ivory. Therefore, the zinc is counted despite his material to the brass instruments. Players place the mouthpiece on the side or onto the middle of the lips.
Often, the zinc is considered to be a kind of mixture of recorder and trumpet. He is a handle hole Horn: The spawned with the lips natural tones can be changed by opening and closing 6-7 finger holes. As with other grip hole horns of the pull-in range of tones is very large, which makes the intonation difficult.
The zinc was from the 15th to the mid-17th century, one of the main instruments. He had the reputation of being able to imitate the human voice very well. Presumably, the melody of that music, " oriental " than today and a "pulling" the sound was not uncommon for which he is better suited than modern instruments. The range is theoretically almost three octaves. The popular literature ranges from a to d '' '.
Types
The zinc is usually tuned meantone. Therefore, the literature is generally limited to unsigned keys or with only one or two signs.
The zinc is a conical tube based with seven finger holes. Differences are:
- Crooked teeth ( Cornetto curvo ), slightly curved, made of two hollowed zusammengeleimten and then covered with leather halves, mainly in the following sizes: in normal soprano range ( Cornetto ) - the lowest note a, used in G;
- The smaller and higher -sounding treble or fourth prongs ( Cornet Tino );
- The deeper -sounding tenor tines, longer and usually S-shaped curved;
History
Tines are already attested in the late Middle Ages. The instrument was used since the Renaissance first city of whistlers as Treble for trombone ensemble ( trumpets were reserved for the nobility and limited to the natural scale ) before it, starting from Italy, in the late 16th century became a virtuoso solo instrument. Among the most famous soloists belonged to Giovanni Bassano. Claudio Monteverdi, Heinrich Schütz but also in his earlier days, often composed for the tines.
With the advent of the violin in the 17th century, the zinc gradually lost its importance as a solo instrument. The longest he stayed in Northern Europe, where the last original compositions date for the instrument from the second half of the 18th century. The Serpent was until 1800 the only viable bass instrument in the open-air music and stayed in the military and church music until the later 19th century. He came as an orchestral instrument into individual scores of romance.
Since the late 1970s, the zinc undergoes an intense revival in the wake of the rediscovery of ancient music (see historical performance practice ). Today, there are again cornettists and instrument makers to those from the heyday of the prongs equal. Today tines of plastics are made for beginners.
The zinc is considered a very difficult -to-learn and übeintensives instrument because both intonation and approach for many years need to be trained and also a few qualified teachers are relatively available.
Some known cornettists
- Hans -Jakob Bollinger
- Jean -Pierre Canihac
- David Gebhard taught at the University of the Arts Bremen
- Bruce Dickey, a teacher at the Schola Cantorum in Basel
- William Dongois
- Holger Eichhorn
- Ian Harrison
- Fritz Heller
- Lene Langballe
- Friederike Otto
- Arno Paduch, a teacher at the Musikhochschule Leipzig
- Anna sound
- Doron David Sherwin
- Frithjof Smith teacher at the Academy of Music Trossingen
- Don Smithers
- Jean Tubéry
- Roland Wilson
- Jeremy West
- Emmanuel Mure