Council of Chalcedon

The Council of Chalcedon ( other spellings: chalcedony, chalcedony, Chalcedon, Chalcedon ) was held from 8 October to 1 November 451 in the Euphemia church at Chalcedon in Bithynia, Asia Minor ( present-day Istanbul's Kadıköy ) instead. It was the fourth of the first seven ecumenical councils of the early church. His dogmatic definitions are recognized in the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Churches as infallible; they are also doctrinal basis in the Protestant and Anglican churches.

The Council of Chalcedon decided the long and acrimonious dispute over the relationship between the divine and the human nature in Jesus Christ. Against the Monophysites ( accurate Miaphysitismus ), which was championed especially by the powerful churches of Egypt and Syria, on the one hand and the Nestorians on the other hand, it defined Christ as true God ( God the Son as the second person of the Trinity ) and true people at the same time, namely " unmixed and undivided " (cf. incarnation of God ). The Trinity is a dogma.

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The Christological confession of the Council of Chalcedon ( the so-called Chalcedon ) is in the churches, which recognize the framework for all further developments of Christology:

" So we follow the Holy Fathers and teach all consistent: Our Lord Jesus Christ, the one and confess the same Son, completely the same in the Godhead completely the same in humanity, truly God and truly man, the same, of rational soul and body, consubstantial with the father of Godhead, consubstantial with us the same humanity by us except sin, before world Times born in everything from the Father of the deity after, in the last days, the same [ born ] for us and for our salvation, of Mary the virgin Mother of God, of humanity, a and the same Christ, Son, Lord, Only -born unmixed in two natures, unchanged, undivided and unseparated to recognize in any way under suspension of the distinction of natures due to the agreement, but rather respecting the peculiarity of each of the two natures and in coming together to one person and one hypostasis, not by division or separation into two persons, but one and the same only-begotten son, God, logos, Lord, Jesus Christ, as the prophets taught from the beginning and he himself, Jesus Christ, has taught us and how it is transmitted to us in the symbol of the Fathers. "

Follow the council

The agreement reached at the Council of Chalcedon was immediate contradiction.

The Bishop of Rome, Pope Leo I was, though the theological results of the council completely agree, however, took strong offense at the 28th canon, which was confirmed in the revision of the first council of Constantinople Opel (381) the position of Constantinople as the New Rome Opel and the Patriarch of Constantinople Opel not only gave jurisdiction over the major archdioceses of Pontus, Asia and Thrace, but also eliminated the 381 established primacy of honor of Rome before Constantine Opel. This political reasons were for the special position of both the old and the new Rome specified ( not founded by the apostles, which was so important for Rome). Already the legate Leo had objected to this formulation energetic. Although Emperor Marcian said that the resolutions of the Council 452 into law, Leo canceled arbitrarily 28 cannon and protest in strongest terms against it and against Patriarch Acacius of Constantinople Opel; he refused for two years to ratify Chalcedon. Ultimately, all canons were confirmed with the exception of 28 from him. Therefore, the popes still exist today on the primacy of the Roman bishop over the universal Church, which is rejected today by the Orthodox churches.

Short and medium term significant was the sharp opposition of the churches of Egypt, Palestine and Syria, which saw a return to the error of Nestorianism in the decisions of Chalcedon.

The Council of Chalcedon, therefore, led to the schism between the Reich Church (ie, the Orthodox and Catholic Church ) and the Eastern Churches. The dispute with the Miaphysites could not be settled until the end of Late Antiquity, appropriate tests the emperor later led only to akakianischen schism.