Dalmatian language
Spoken in
- Indo-European Italic Romanesque Balkanromanisch
-
Roa ( other Romance languages )
Dlm
The Dalmatian is an extinct Romance language that was spoken along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, especially in the historical region of Dalmatia.
History
The Dalmatian originated from the Vulgar Latin of the area of the eastern Adriatic coast. The exact course of the isoglosses within the Vulgar Latin in this space before the Slavic immigration and the borders between the original distribution area of the precursor forms of the Dalmatian and those of other Romance varieties as the Urrumänischen can not be determined accurately due to lack of sources.
Due to the immigration of Slavs in the eastern Adriatic region since the 7th century, the Romansh-speaking population in some coastal cities was - especially Zadar, Split and Dubrovnik - and pushed back on offshore islands. These form the occupied area of distribution of the Dalmatian in the Middle Ages.
In the cities there was gradually through the South Slavic ( Čakavische or Štokavische ), which penetrated as a result of the immigration of Slavs from the interior, on the one hand and the Italian (especially Venetian ), which is due to the trans- Adriatic contacts and the expansion of the Republic of Venice spread, on the other hand repressed and arrived there at the beginning of the modern era disuse.
Only on some islands in the Adriatic, it held out for longer, longest on the island of Krk ( Veglia ), where the last native speakers, Tuone Udaina, 1898 died.
Classification
The Dalmatian takes within the Romance languages occupy an intermediate position between the Italo Romanesque and the points arising from the primordial Romanian Romansh varieties of South East Europe, with which it is sometimes combined with the Balkan Romance. However, it also has features that distinguish it from two neighboring groups.
On the basis of the work Bartoli, the Dalmatian is classified since the beginning of the 20th century in the Romance languages as a separate language. Since the only two occupied to any extent varieties of the Dalmatian, the Ragusäische and Vegliotische, differ from each other to a considerable extent, they are sometimes classified recently as a standalone languages so that Dalmatisch then is the generic term for a group of related languages.
Linguistic characteristics
On the Dalmatian lautlichem area shows in some areas conservative traits, so in the receipt of the pronunciation of c before e and k, eg Latin cenare → Dalma. kenur.
On the other hand, there are also phonological innovations. Thus, the Dalmatian is characterized by a variety of diphthongs, eg Latin nepotem → Dalma. nepaut. Here, the Dalmatian in closed diphthongised as well as in an open syllable, a property that is to be found among the other Romance languages only in Spanish and in Friulian: Latin NOSTER / nostru "our" → dalmatisch nostril, Spanish nuestro, Friulian nuestri but ital. nostro, French notre, portug. nosso, Rumanian. nostru, nostre Catalan, Occitan NOSTRE, Sardinian nostru, Romansh noss. The diphthongization of the Latin long i ( ¤ ) and long u ( Ū ) is normally only found in a southern Italian dialect, the Abruzzo, which is " against " strictly speaking the former Dalmatian language area: the Latin dico 'I say "→ doikë.
In addition, Palatalisierungen find from Latin accented a to open e: Latin PANE (M) " bread " → dalm. -rag. pen, TATA " father " → teta, Vulgar. CASA "house" → kesa etc. Comparable Palatalisierungen of type A → é or è are also found in the galloitalischen dialects and in French, for example, Latin SALE ( M) "Salt " → French sel, Emilia - romagnolisch säl ( very open- e) or rarely, see also Old French chez "House" (now the preposition " at " ) as well as Dalma. chesa "house". In Romanian, such a development is not, however, such as TATA " father " → Rumanian. Tata.
The Dalmatian lost over time, both the genus and the Numerusmarkierung, in contrast to the Romanian and the Latin case inflection is in the Dalmatian lost, and it has not developed new ones.
The verb endings faded with time, although the person remained differentiable (see the conditions in modern French, where 4 of 6 people, in the verbs of the a- conjugation be the same: the parle, tu parles, il parle, il parlent [ paʀl ] ). The third person singular and 3rd person pl were not distinguished from each other, as well as in today's French with verbs of the a- conjugation (Fr. il parle / ils parlent [ ilpaʀl ] " he said " / " best" ) in many Italian dialects, eg in Venezischen ( venezisch el finise / i finise " he finished " / " they end " ), and in Romanian with verbs of the a- conjugation ( rumän. ADUNA both " he collects" as also " collect "). In the past tenses should be noted that the Dalmatian, the original and present in all Romance languages tripartite division between past tense, analytical and synthetic Perfect as today's French opposition to the past tense - has reduced analytical Perfect. The existing in almost all Romance languages Futurperiphrase type lat CANTARE Habeo ( > Cantero Italian, Spanish Cantare ) there was not Dalmatian, instead put this language the Latin Future Perfect continuous, so CANTAVERO (actually I will have sung ) → dalmat. kantura " I will sing ." The conditional was derived from the Latin pluperfect, as originated from Latin CANTAVERAM dalmat. kantuora " I would sing ," which could not be distinguished from the future tense with the time because it had thus become homophonic.
As in Romanian, Sardinian and Friulian missing a morphosyntactic labeling of category adverb, that is, the masculine adjective is used as an adverb. The major Romance languages make use of this, however, of type ' feminine adjective ELEMENTS ', see Italian quotidiano ( adjective) and quotidianamente ( adverb ) but dalmat. cotidiun ( adjective adverb ).
As in most Romance languages except the Dakorumänischen the article is pränominal, the possessive pronoun is, however, analogous to the most southern Italian dialects and the Romanian enclitic or post- nominal, and with the definite article: dalmat. el naun to " your name ".
Documented varieties
Direct language certificates which allow the reconstruction of linguistic structures that exist only for a Dalmatian variety, for the Vegliotische. For the other varieties, one has to rely on indirect sources allow only partial reconstructions. Relatively well documented is in this way that Ragusäische.
The Ragusäische, the variety of the city of Dubrovnik ( Ragusa Italian ), was probably in the 16th century out of use. It is known only from two letters, as well as some medieval documents.
The Vegliotische, the idiom of the island of Krk ( Veglia Italien. ) in the Kvarner Bay, was spoken in parts of the island until the 19th century. It is known from recordings of speech material of the Romanists Matteo G. Bartoli, the compiled this in 1897 in talks with the last living native Antonio Udina. Udina died on 10 June 1898.