Epipactis palustris
Marsh helleborine ( Epipactis palustris)
The marsh helleborine ( Epipactis palustris), which is also known as White Marsh Wurz Wurz bald or swamp -sitter, is a species in the genus leaved Wurzen ( Epipactis ) from the family of orchid family ( Orchidaceae). The names refer to the moist locations of this type preferred.
Description
The marsh helleborine is a deciduous, perennial, herbaceous growing Rhizomgeophyt with creeping primary axis and downward hairy roots. It forms long, highly branched, horizontal rhizomes as outlasting. During the growth period several new shoots are formed. So there is a vegetative propagation.
The erect stems reaching heights of growth of 20 to 50 centimeters. Very strong copies can be up to 80 inches high. At its base are two to four scale-like, green or purple leaves crowded.
The five to eight double-spaced leaves are arranged in the lower third of the stem, lanceolate to ovate pointed shaped with a length of 5 to 10 cm and a width of 2 to 4 cm. Moreover, they are capable of supporting sheet-like shaped with a length of 2 to 4.5 cm.
The inflorescence is 6-15 cm long and usually lockerblütig staffed by five to twenty flowers. The flowers are arranged einseitswendig. The bloom of the outer circle of the perigone are lanceolate. The upper Blütenhüllblatt is 8 to 12 mm in length and 3.5 to 4 mm wide, the two side are slightly longer. They are usually greenish and crowded red - violet. They are rarely completely colored green or purple vigorously. The two upper petals of the inner circle are ellipsoid to ovoid, 8-11 mm long, about 4 mm wide and white to light pink colored with purple lines along the veins. The lip ( Labellum ) is divided into two members, and 9-13 mm in length. The rear part of the lip ( Hypochil ) is bowl-shaped, whitish tinged with reddish- purple line drawing. In the middle of nectar is secreted. The front part of the lip ( Epichil ) is round, white in color and edge is wavy. It has the basic two distinct ridges, which are surrounded by an orange red line. Front and rear lip being connected by a movable member.
The flowering period is between June and August.
Genetics and Development
The marsh helleborine has a karyotype of two sets of chromosomes and each chromosome 20 ( Cytology: 2n = 40).
The seed of this orchid contains no nutritive tissue for the seedling. Therefore Germination occurs only when infected by a root fungus ( mycorrhiza ).
Ecology
The marsh helleborine preferred populated calcareous soils. It sometimes happens even in non-calcareous wetlands. It settles wet dune slacks, Molinia meadows, spring and fens, sickernasse slopes, lakefront, alternating wet depressions in floodplains and sparse pine and poplar forests. It is light- loving and is therefore dependent on a low vegetation or mowing. For nutrient-rich soils are avoided, as excessive shading. Rarely, it grows on drier soils, for example, accompanied by the military orchid herb.
- Plant communities: Association Caricion davallianae (lime - fen, small harrows Riede )
- Association Magnocaricion ( fen - sedge Riede )
- Association Molinion caeruleae ( Molinia meadows )
- Association Calthion ( marsh marigold meadows )
Breakdown see Phytosociological units according to Oberdorfer
Dissemination
The distribution of the marsh helleborine runs through the temperate and submeridionale Flore zone through Europe to the Middle East, in Asia to Siberia, the Caucasus and the western Iran. To the north it penetrates only slightly into the boreal zone to Scandinavia before, in the meridional zone to Italy, Greece and Anatolia.
In North America it is found wild in 2006 for the first time.
In Germany the marsh helleborine once had a wide distribution. The densest deposits are located in Bavaria in the Alps and in the foothills. In Thuringia, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg -Western Pomerania and Baden- Württemberg There is also still a lesser extent, several current evidence. In the other states, the occurrences are rare or very infrequent and widely scattered.
In Switzerland, most of the current reserves are located in northern Switzerland to Lake Sarner Lake Lucerne and Zurich and on to the Rhine valley. The variety of the finds is due to an intensive mapping until 2000. Furthermore, there are multiple occurrences of the Lac de la Gruyère. In the rest of Switzerland, the remaining still current deposits are also scattered.
Nature protection and hazard
Like all orchid species occurring in Europe is also the marsh helleborine under strict protection of European and national laws.
- , Red lists:
- Red List of Germany: 3 ( regionally more at risk )
- Red List states:
- Baden- Württemberg: 3
- Bavaria: 3
- Berlin: 2
- Brandenburg: 2
- Hamburg: 1
- Hesse: 2
- Mecklenburg- Vorpommern: 2
- Lower Saxony Bremen: 2
- North Rhine -Westphalia: 2
- Rhineland -Palatinate: 2
- Saarland: 2
- Saxony- Anhalt: 2
- Saxony: 2
- Schleswig -Holstein: 1
- Thuringia: 2
The greatest risks are for quite some time nitrogen input by fertilization and drying up of the sites. Particularly frequent in earlier times litter meadows were affected by these measures. By the later flowering time is a hazard due to early mowing.
To indicate the privileged nature, was declared in Germany the marsh helleborine for "Orchid of the Year" in 1998 by the Working Group Home made orchids ( AHO).
Sub-species variability, hybrids
- , Subspecies, forms, varieties:
A squat, wenigblütige form that grows in dunes and on most arid areas, has been described as Epipactis palustris f ericetorum. As plant moist sites, it should be here an adjustment at the lower moisture.
- , Natural hybrid:
- Epipactis × pupplingensis Bell 1968 - ( Epipactis atrorubens × Epipactis palustris)
- , Artificially produced hybrids:
The marsh helleborine has proven offspring in culture after a familiarization phase to be relatively insensitive plant. It was therefore often used as a crossing partner for horticultural hybrids.
- Epipactis Alegria (Ep. palustris × thunbergii )
- Baskerville Epipactis ( helleborine Ep × palustris)
- Epipactis Colorado (Ep. atrorubens × palustris)
- Epipactis Passionata (Ep. palustris × royleana )
- Epipactis Renate (Ep. palustris × veratrifolia )
- Epipactis Sabine (Ep. gigantea × palustris)
- Epipactis Ventura (Ep. palustris × mairei )
Due to the low interest and not very simple multiplication these hybrids are rarely offered in specialized nurseries.
System
Carl Linnaeus described this way in 1753 in his " Species Plantarum " as serapias helleborine palustris var: The name is now considered basionym. He classified her as a variety of serapias helleborine, helleborine the present Epipactis. Crantz she led in 1769 by Johann Gottfried Zinn in 1757 founded the genus Epipactis.
Thilo Irmisch divided the genus in 1842 with her then five known species in two sections. The marsh helleborine he divided the only species in the section Arthrochilium.
As synonyms following species are described:
- Serapias helleborine var palustris L. 1753 ( basionym )
- Helleborine palustris (L.) Hill in 1756
- Serapias longifolia L. 1763
- Serapias palustris ( L.) Mill 1768
- Epipactis longifolia (L. ) All. 1785
- Serapias longiflora Asso 1779
- Cymbidium palustre (L.) Sw. 1799
- Helleborine palustris (L. ) Cabinet 1814
- Epipactis salina Schur 1866
- Epipactis palustris f ochroleuca Barla 1868
- Arthrochilium palustre (L.) Beck 1890
- Limodorum palustre (L.) Kuntze 1891
- Calliphyllon palustre (L.) Bubani 1901
- Amesia palustris (L.) A. Nelson & J. F. Macbr. 1913
Gallery
Inflorescence with strongly colored blooms in the mountains Tannheimer
Inflorescence (Occurrence in Müritz area )
Single flower on the Windische height in Carinthia
Inflorescence Wörth am Rhein