Erebia
One of three Erebia boards of The United butterflies of the Earth, 1915 edited by Adalbert Seitz.
The Ringlet ( Erebia ) form a large genus of the family Nymphalidae, which is widespread throughout the Holarctic. It currently comprises depending on the author by 80 species or 90 to 100 species.
- 4.1 Types (selection)
- 5.1 Notes and references
- 5.2 Literature
Features
Butterfly
The moths are usually small to medium in size. Most species have pale gray-brown in color, dark brown to black colored front and rear wings, with red, reddish brown, orange, yellow or white bands and eyespots in different size, position and number which can be also spotted nor black or white. The overall quite dark basic colors of Erebia species are interpreted as an adaptation to cold and rather damp climates.
The eyes are naked and relatively large, the palps are three parts and hairy. The sensors are made up of about 30 members, dropped the sensing bulb clear and ovate. The front legs are atrophied and can no longer be used to clean the eyes. In contrast, the middle and rear pair of legs is strongly built. In the thoracic region of the prothorax of the mesothorax is very small, very large, and the metathorax medium size. Androkonien ( scent scales of the males ) are formed only in some species.
Egg, caterpillar and chrysalis
The egg is usually typical oval, that is, with slightly wider, to different degrees flattened bottom and narrower, to different degrees flattened top and relatively large. The surface is usually provided with more or less strong longitudinal ribs; the eggs can be smooth but also in a few ways. They are initially mostly light (yellowish, whitish, greenish), later usually dark and often get a characteristic dot pattern.
The caterpillars grow between two and three inches long. The coat is relatively sparse, with few exceptions. The head of the Eiraupe is quite large relative to the rest of the body, in the later stages relatively small. They are usually colored green or brown. The striation is artlich, but also within species of caterpillar stage to caterpillar stage quite different.
Most squat doll has some plants on the pupal case, but which are not realized in the butterfly. The eyes are, for example, not mapped on the pupal case. The tip of the probe sheath is empty despite investment of segments on the pupal case. There occur Stürz and Erdpuppen. The cremaster is usually truncated cone shape with few spines or without spines.
Geographic occurrence and habitat
The genus has adapted to dry, damp and cold habitats. Thus, most species are found in highlands, uplands and mountains or in higher latitudes. Many ringlet is found in the Alps, the Rocky Mountains, in Central Asia, in sub-arctic or even arctic regions throughout the Holarctic.
Way of life
The species of the genus Erebia have a one or two year cycle. In the latter case, first wintered the Eiraupe in the egg, and then the almost adult caterpillar (mostly penultimate stage). The growth of the caterpillar is very slow. The moths are diurnal, and they visit nectar-rich flowers. The eggs are always laid singly on the respective food plants or even to stones. The caterpillars shed their skin three or four times, that is, that four or five stages are formed. They feed mostly polyphagous of different types of bins family ( Juncaceae ) Sedge family ( Cyperaceae ) and grasses ( Poaceae ). They come in the evening from their hiding places, but some are active during the day. The pupate on the floor or in the vicinity of the base between parts of plants.
Taxonomy and systematics
The genus Erebia was set up by Johan Wilhelm Dalman 1816. As type species he chose the white cohesive Ringlet, described by Linnaeus in 1758 as Papilio ligea. In this very large genus Papilio the large part of the Nymphalidae was asked by then. Only three years later Jacob Hübner separated the new genus in five additional genera. Through the description of many new species, especially in the Alps in the 19th and early 20th century there were many Synonym and double descriptions, triggered, among other things, due to the high variability of many ringlet due to altitude, season, temperature variations, etc. Molecular biological studies, it was found that many previously considered subspecies guided varieties are actually different enough, confirming their status as independent species. Also the theory that many types are Ice Age relics, were confirmed by recent studies. Meanwhile, the number of described species worldwide is estimated at about 80 or with 90 to 100.
Types (selection)
- Grey Bindiger Ringlet ( Erebia aethiops ( Esper, 1777) )
- Gelbäugiger Ringlet ( Erebia alberganus ( Prunner, 1798) )
- Erebia cassioides ( Reiner & Hochenwarth, 1792)
- Rätzers Ringlet ( Erebia christi Rätzer, 1890)
- White Dotted Ringlet ( Erebia claudina ( Borkhausen, 1789) )
- Knochs Ringlet ( Erebia epiphron ( Knoch, 1783) )
- Similar Ringlet ( Erebia Eriphyle ( Freyer, 1836) )
- White Bindiger Mountain Forest Ringlet ( Erebia Euryale ( Esper, 1805) )
- Erebia flavofasciata ( Heyne, 1895)
- Soft, silky ringlet ( Erebia gorge ( Hübner, 1804) )
- White Bindiger Ringlet ( Erebia ligea (Linnaeus, 1758) )
- Gelbgefleckter Ringlet ( Erebia manto ( Denis & Schiffer Müller, 1775) )
- Round Eye Ringlet ( Erebia medusa ( Denis & Schiffer Müller, 1775) )
- Small Ringlet ( Erebia melampus ( Fuessly, 1775) )
- Yellow Bindiger Ringlet ( Erebia meolans ( Prunner, 1798) )
- Blind point - Ringlet ( Erebia MNESTRA ( Hübner, 1804) )
- Erebia montana ( Prunner, 1798)
- Erebia nivalis ( Lorkovic & Lesse, 1954)
- Double Eye Ringlet ( Erebia OeME ( Hübner, 1804) )
- Grey Brown Ringlet ( Erebia pandrose ( Borkhausen, 1788) )
- Unpunktierter Ringlet ( Erebia pharte ( Hübner, 1804) )
- Eismohrenfalter ( Erebia pluto ( Prunner, 1798) )
- Erebia pronoe ( Esper, 1780)
- Erebia stirius ( Godart, 1824)
- Freyer's Alpine Ringlet ( Erebia styx ( Freyer, 1834) )
- Sudeten Ringlet ( Erebia sudetica Staudinger, 1861)
- Alpine Ringlet ( Erebia triaria ( Prunner, 1798) )
- Iridescent Ringlet ( Erebia Tyndarus ( Esper, 1781) )