Scotch Argus
Grey Bindiger Ringlet ( Erebia aethiops )
The gray Cohesive Ringlet ( Erebia aethiops ), also Waldteufel, dry grassland forest -Mohr, forest ringlet or just called Ringlet, is a butterfly ( butterfly ) of the family Nymphalidae ( Nymphalidae ). The gray Cohesive ringlet was elected by the BUND North Rhine-Westphalia to the butterfly of the year 2003.
- 6.1 Notes and references
- 6.2 Literature
Features
The length of the forewings varies diagonal in the Alps 21 to 26 millimeters, the size of the butterfly ( or length of the forewing ) correlated with height. She takes over with increasing height above sea level. The ground color of the fore wings top and bottom varies from dark brown to black-brown. The red Postdiskalbinde is more or less constricted between the veins M2 and Cu1. The upper side of the hind wings is that of the forewing, but the red postdiskale binding is his usually narrower and more constricted between the eye patch, through laced in extreme cases and reduced to red spots.
On the upper side of the fore wings are slightly different frequencies usually three large black to blue-black, usually also white cored ocelli formed in the cells of five, four and two in males and females. The size also varies somewhat depending on the region. In the male, to add more, often only small patches in three cell as well as in cell 1 and cell 6. When the female is slightly more common than in males of the spot in cell 3 is formed, it can also fit two small spots in cell 1a be present and another spot in cell 6 The training and number of eye-spots but regionally. Also on the hind wings are usually three to four black, white cored trained eye spots. However, here the size, number and white core taking varies considerably.
The hind wings undersides of the males are dark reddish-brown and yellowish brown basally. The Postdiskalband is silver-gray and usually well marked. It encloses small white dots in M2 and Cu1, which are sometimes outlined in black. Occasionally, the bandages are also to be seen only at a suitable light. The hindwing underside of the female is colored even more variable. Principle can be distinguished: the greyish basal, brown to dark brown Diskalregion, the highly variable Postdiskalregion and a brownish Submarginalbinde. The color of the Postdiskalbandes varies from yellowish, yellowish brown to silver gray and purple gray. In the band are white points, more rarely, white -rimmed black dots in different numbers.
The hind wings undersides of the female are brownish to yellowish brown buff while the Postdiskalband. The fringes are checkered dark brown and white in females, gray in males rather uniformly (light ).
The egg is in the basic form oval, flattened slightly at the top, flattened lower end of something stronger. The surface has 20 to 28 longitudinal ribs. The egg is yellowish white short after deposition, after a few days it is light beige and there is a dark brown dots.
The adult caterpillar (L4 ) is colored yellow-brown. The dark dorsal line is bright lined trained weak on the first segments, marked clearly only on the rear segments. The side ridge lines are often resolved in strokes. Above the lateral line, which runs above the spiracles ( Epistigmatale ), dark brown wedge-shaped spots may be formed. But wedge-shaped pads are not present in all tracks. The projections above the anus are very short. The head is brown in color. The longest hair of the L4 caterpillar measure 0.5 to 0.6 mm.
The doll is relatively short and stocky; it is 12.5 to 14.5 millimeters long. The head, thorax and elytra are light beige in color. The abdomen is usually somewhat darker. The abdomen shows on the back of a weak center line and two very weak secondary lines, which correspond to the back line, the secondary line of the back and the Epistigmatalen the caterpillars. The stigmas are light brown. The cremaster is rounded and without bristles.
Similar Species
The gray Cohesive ringlet can certainly also be determined using illustrations. The red-yellow band on the underside of the forewing is clearly limited in E. aethiops against the root base. In Erebia ligea and Erebia euyrale they can be extended to the wing base against it. The fringes are plain gray-brown in E. aethiops, in the white cohesive Ringlet ( Erebia ligea ) and the cohesive White Mountain Forest Ringlet ( Erebia euyrale ), however, spotted black and white. The flight times of in some color and pattern variations also something similar round eyes -black moth ( Erebia medusa ) cancel quasi: Erebia medusa, however, flies in May and June, rarely and flown even in early July, the gray Cohesive ringlet from late July to mid- August, very rare even in early July.
Geographical distribution and habitat
The gray Cohesive Ringlet is common in Scotland, locally in North West England, in France, in the Massif Central, the Cevennes, in the Haut- Languedoc and in the central east. He is still coming from Belgium to Latvia, Switzerland, the Balkans and northern Greece ( Rhodope ), in the Apuan Alps and the Ligurian up Cozie Alps. He is not represented in North Germany and Fennoscandia. In the east, the distribution area attracts up to Siberia and the Altai. In the south, to the northern Turkey and the Caucasus region.
The habitats of the gray cohesive Mohr Falters include forest edges and clearings in mixed deciduous forests and adjacent dry or wet meadows. This also includes cabbage thistle meadows and tall herb communities in valley meadows. May also be mentioned and dry slopes ( junipers ) on the edge rich oak forests and edges and clearings in dry forests. In the Alps it comes from about 600 meters to over 2000 meters in height before. In Scotland, he comes from sea level prior to about 500 meters above sea level.
Way of life
The gray Cohesive Ringlet is one generation per year, more rarely fly the butterfly from late July to mid-August, and early September. At lower altitudes, the moths are active but in the morning and visit flowers. They spend the hottest time of the day resting in the shade. The nectar plants of the moth include silver thistle ( Carlina acaulis), Forest scabious ( knautia dipsacifolia ), Field Scabious ( Knautia arvensis), pigeon Scabious ( Scabiosa columbaria ), oregano (Origanum ), meadow knapweed (Centaurea jacea ), field thistle ( Cirsium arvense), Stemless thistle ( Cirsium acaule ) and Nodding Thistle ( Carduus nutans ). Eggs are laid singly bonded to grasses. In breeding has been observed that the little caterpillars grouped hatched after 15 days. Other sources give the time of oviposition until hatching at 10 to 14 days. The caterpillars feed on the following grasses: purple moor grass ( Molinia caerulea), bog bluegrass ( Sesleria caerulea), Horst- sedge ( Carex sempervirens), Brown Sedge ( Carex nigra), rust - sedge ( Carex ferruginea ), Upright Brome ( Bromus erectus ), pinna - Zwenke ( Brachypodium pinnatum ), small-reed ( Calamagrostis epigejos ), Common orchard grass ( Dactylis glomerata ), Genuine sheep fescue ( Festuca ovina ), Common Red fescue ( Festuca rubra), Snow White Wood-rush ( Luzula nivea ), Common bluegrass ( Poa trivialis ), Common sweet vernal grass ( Anthoxanthum odoratum ), Mean quaking grass ( Briza media ). The caterpillar overwinters in the first or second stage. It may be formed four or five stages, there are usually four stages. The first two stages generally eat a day, the following stages are therefore usually at dusk to midnight. Pupation takes place in the spring. Under farming conditions, the verpuppungsbereite bead of filaments and plant parts produced a chamber.
Endangering
Red List BRD: Level 3 (" endangered" ).
Taxonomy
The variability of color and drawing, especially the number and training of eye spots and the different colors and markings of the hindwing undersides as well as the different sizes of butterflies led to the naming of numerous subspecies, varieties, and " aberrations ". The combinations of features, however, occur rarely constant in a limited regional population, so that the basis for the designation of subspecies is not usually the case. The taxon Erebia aethiops is currently divided into about three sub-species, a thorough revision of the taxon is not available so far:
- Erebia aethiops aethiops ( Esper, 1777); the Nominatunterart, in the low mountain ranges, Northern Alps
- Erebia aethiops melusina Herrich -Schäffer, 1847; Caucasus
- Erebia aethiops Rubria Fruhstorfer, 1909; Canton of Ticino, Misox, Calancatal and Simplonsüdseite.
Probably no own subspecies provide Erebia aethiops Sapaudia Fruhstorfer, 1917 from Salève, south of Lake Geneva and Erebia aethiops altivaga Fruhstorfer, 1917 dar. Sonderegger (2005) found no constant differences from other populations.
The earlier -conceived as a subspecies taxa caledonia Verity, 1911 nigra and Mousley, 1910 are now only considered as shape variations. Infrasubspecific are ( Auswahl! ):
- Erebia from aethiops. ignota Higgins, 1930, Altai mountains
- Erebia from aethiops. goltzi Korshunov, 1998, Ural Mountains
- Erebia from aethiops. depupillata Stone, 1918
- Erebia from aethiops. flavescens Tutt, 1896
- Erebia from aethiops. freyeri Oberthuer, 1911
- Erebia from aethiops. huebneri Oberthuer, 1912
- Erebia from aethiops. infasciata Warren, 1936
- Erebia from aethiops. nigra Wheeler, 1903
- Erebia from aethiops. stricta Wheeler, 1903
- Erebia from aethiops. violacea Wheeler, 1903
- Erebia from aethiops. Sapaudia Fruhstorfer, 1917
- Erebia from aethiops. perfusa Eisner, 1946
- Erebia from aethiops. semicaeca Eisner, 1946