Expressionist architecture

Expressionist architecture is an almost exclusively German phenomenon, which after the First World War brought forth a wide range of buildings in the years up to the late 1920s.

For the first time in 1913 Adolf Behne had the Bruno Taut's architecture in the journal Pan with the current development of painting compared and called it the innermost sense for " expressionistic ". Many of the architects since 1907 in the German Werkbund active and influenced by Art Nouveau, most turned later to the New Building.

A common, especially in North Germany is a special form of Brick Expressionism.

Mark

In contrast to the New Objectivity Expressionist architecture used round and jagged shapes. The special plasticity of the buildings is based on the influence of art, especially sculpture, as propagated by the Workers' Art and emphasizes artisanal construction methods.

Brick buildings, which are typical for the expressionist architecture. Moreover, it was also worked with concrete. By around 1920 the relatively new building material of the time experimented in all styles. Expressionism came to meet especially the possibilities curved shapes. Even the Einstein Tower in Potsdam gives the impression to be formed of concrete and was so well planned. In fact, he was but bricked and then plastered - probably made ​​the Verschaltechnik still too many problems.

Striking is the Hang zum Gesamtkunstwerk in almost all buildings and interiors. Often sculptures were, in particular as a relief, included in the architecture. The young film provided space for architectural fantasies, so built Poelzig 1920 Film Architecture for " The Golem: How He Came Into the World". Many expressionist designs remained unbuilt utopia.

Architects and Buildings

Germany

For most architects of Expressionism a fairly short but intense phase was in her work. This applies, for example Poelzig, who later turned to the New Objectivity. From him comes, inter alia, the remodeling of the Grosses Schauspielhaus in Berlin ( 1918-1919 ). Especially the stalactite -like interior design became famous.

1920-1921 built by Erich Mendelsohn in one of the most famous expressionist buildings: the Einstein Tower in Potsdam -Babelsberg.

Some projects of the Bauhaus, such as the " Sommerfeld House " in Berlin, Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer in 1920 were still influenced expressionism. The house was planned as Expressionistic work of art. Accordingly, Gropius and Meyer worked closely with the wood artist Jost Schmidt and Josef Albers, who created the stained-glass windows, together.

By Fritz Hoger the 1922-1924 Chile home built in Hamburg and the Anzeiger-Hochhaus in Hanover from 1927-1928 come from.

Bernhard Hoetger worked as a sculptor in Worpswede, and until 1931, the famous Böttcherstrasse in Bremen.

Hans Scharoun, too, had joined the Expressionist architects Circle Glass Chain by Bruno Taut after the First World War and in 1926 he joined the Society of Architects The ring at. His later buildings, such as the famous Philharmonie in Berlin (1956-1963), which are attributed to the organic build, let Scharoun expressionist past is still visible.

The architect Gottfried Böhm created in the 1960s, many churches which have expressive expression through their plasticity and the predominantly used material concrete. Similarly, new approaches in the construction of Waldorf schools, which have strong expressive elements emerged during this period by various artists.

For more Expressionist architecture or buildings with Expressionist overtones:

• People's House Rotthausen and Hans- Sachs -Haus in Gelsenkirchen (both Alfred Fischer, 1920-1921 and 1924-1927 )
• Friedrich Steinberg hat factory, Herrmann & Co. in Luckenwalde ( Erich Mendelsohn, 1921-1923 )
• Martin Luther Church (Ulm) by Prof. Theodor Veil, 1926-1928, Zinglerstraße
• Pallottinerkirche St. John the Baptist ( Freising ), 1928-1930 by Jan Hubert Pinand
• Converted old train station Stuttgart, Bolzstraße
• Oberpostdirektion Stuttgart, Lautenschlagerstraße
• Residence Schuster, called Wyler House Mountain, near Kleve of Otto Banning (1924 )
• Water tower for the brown coal and roof stone works Zeipau in Zeipau ( Lower Silesia) ( Szczepanów, community Iłowa, Poland) by Otto Banning (1925 )
• The Monument to the Revolution by Mies van der Rohe ( 1926)
• City Hall (1930 completed ) and the main railway station in Oberhausen
• Holy Cross Church in Gelsenkirchen- Ückendorf by Josef Franke
• Cross Evangelical Church in Berlin- Schmargendorf
• " Bastion " in Cologne on the Rhine
• Technical administration building of Hoechst AG in Frankfurt- Höchst, 1921-1924 by Peter Behrens
• Church of St. Boniface in Frankfurt -Sachsenhausen
• The Peace Church in Frankfurt Gallus
• The Mousonturm in Frankfurt- Ostend
• Borsig Tower in Berlin -Tegel, 1922-1925 by Eugen Schmohl
• Ullsteinhaus in Berlin- Tempelhof, 1925-1927 by Eugen Schmohl
• Chapel of the cemetery of the Protestant church in Glienicke / Northern Railway, 1928 by Paul Poser
• Tower of the Catholic Parish Church of St. Joseph and Medardus in Lüdenscheid, 1927-1929
• Residential development at the Zeppelin Strasse in Berlin -Spandau, 1923-1927 by Richard Ermisch
• Villa Scheid with a listed park, 1931-1933 by Otto Scheid
• Townhouse Dresden 1922-1923 by Louis Wirth
• The Salamander site in Kornwestheim
• The evangelic church in Dortmund Berghofen, 1929 by L.Behrens

Church on the Hohenzollern Platz in Berlin

Holy Cross Church, Gelsenkirchen - Ückendorf

Cross Church in Berlin- Schmargendorf

Böttcherstrasse in Bremen

In Modersohn -Becker Museum, Bremen

Ullsteinhaus in Berlin- Tempelhof

Borsig Tower in Berlin -Tegel

Cemetery chapel in Glienicke / Northern Railway

Tower of St. Joseph and St. Medard, Lüdenscheid

Residence at the Zeppelin Strasse in Berlin -Spandau

Mousonturm in Frankfurt

Townhouse Dresden

Technical administration building of Hoechst AG in Frankfurt

In Frankfurt Behrensbau

The Lower stone of the architect Bernhard Hoetger

Villa Scheid upper-class town house in Limburg architect Otto Scheid

Holy Cross Church in Dortmund- Berghofen

Outside Germany

Outside of Germany, was the Amsterdam School with Michel de Klerk ( Het Schip ) is important.

Also the anthroposophical construction of the Goetheanum in Dornach ( Switzerland ), which was built in 1924-1928 after a design by Rudolf Steiner, has very strong references to expressionism.

The Grundtvig in Copenhagen and Hallgrímskirkja in Reykjavík are examples of the influence of Expressionism sacred buildings.

In Tallinn there are, for example, the new Town Hall ( Tallinna Linnavalitsus ) and the Sakala house.