Fumaria

Common Fumitory ( Fumaria officinalis)

The Fumitory ( Fumaria ) is the eponymous plant genus of the subfamily of Fumitory ( Fumarioideae ) from the family of the Poppy family ( Papaveraceae ).

Features

These are usually one- rare perennial herbaceous plants upright, can grow horizontally or climbing. The sessile leaves are composed.

The racemose inflorescences are short. There are two sepals present. There are four petals available in two circles. The Fumaria species the upper outer petal is extended saccular backwards, so as to form a bag- shaped spur. The mostly reddish to purple flowers are zygomorphic thereby. A good feature to distinguish it from Corydalis is that the floral lace is always colored slightly darker. There are usually only two stamens present.

In contrast to Corydalis ( with zweifächeriger pod ) are the fruits of Erdrauchs spherical -seeded nuts.

Occurrence

The genus is widespread in the Mediterranean region, Central Europe to Central Asia. One type is known from the mountains of East Africa.

Use

A tea made Erdrauchkraut considered as herbal treatment for indigestion, especially for cramp pains in the region of the gallbladder and biliary tract and the gastrointestinal tract.

History

Even before the birth of Christ the Fumitory of Arabian physicians was estimated as a blood cleanser. The Greek physician Dioscorides Pedanios of the first Christian century, writes about the effect of the Erdrauchs: " The juice is biting, it sharpens the face and irritating to tears. " Hence the name is derived prima to German "smoke". Another derivation of the name refers to the gray-green smoke similar coloration of the leaves. The widespread use of the medical school of Salerno the Fumitory passes as a medicinal plant in the medieval monastery medicine. There he was mainly used against skin diseases, but also used as a tonic and for constipation.

Besides the use as a remedy of Fumitory already comes with the Celts and Germans as a fumigant used, what its Latin name Fumaria point (smoke) and his German name. In the Middle Ages he was allegedly used for exorcism rites. It was believed at the time that the plant had sprung vapors that rise from the earth. From this, the name is German name derived Fumitory. In addition, he was also reputed to be used by witches as a magic means by which they could make themselves invisible.

As a remedy the Fumitory got long forgotten until it was rediscovered in recent times by science. Like other plants of the family of poppy plants it contains many alkaloids and flavonoids, fumaric acid and choline.

Species

There are about 50 species Fumaria (selection):

  • Vine Fumitory ( Fumaria capreolata L.), Origin: Europe, Middle East, North Africa
  • Dichtblütiger Fumitory ( Fumaria densiflora DC. ), Origin: Europe, North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia
  • Fumaria indica ( Hausskn. ) Pugsley ( Syn: Fumaria vaillantii var indica Hausskn. )
  • Wall Fumitory ( Fumaria muralis Sond ex WDJ Koch. ), Origin: Western and Southern Europe
  • Common Fumitory ( Fumaria officinalis L.), Origin: Europe, North Africa, the Near East
  • Kleinblütiger Fumitory ( Fumaria parviflora Lam. ), Origin: Europe, North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia
  • Geschnäbelter Fumitory ( Fumaria rostellata Knaf ), comes from Turkey through Eastern and South-Eastern Europe to Central Europe
  • Dark Fumitory ( Fumaria schlei cheri Soy. - Will. ), Origin: Europe, Turkey
  • Pale Fumitory ( Fumaria vaillantii Loisel. ), Origin: Europe, North Africa, Middle East and Central Asia, Himalayas

More species from Europe and the Mediterranean are:

  • Fumaria agraria Lag, Origin: Mediterranean
  • Fumaria barnolae Sennen & Pau, Origin: Mediterranean
  • Fumaria bastardii Boreau, Origin: Western and Southern Europe, Middle East, North Africa
  • Fumaria bicolor divan ex Nicotra, Origin: Central Mediterranean
  • Fumaria bracteosa Pomel, Origin: South of Spain, North Africa, the Near East
  • Fumaria faurei ( Pugsley ) Font cross, Origin: Spain, Portugal, Algeria, Morocco
  • . Fumaria flabellata Gasparr, Origin: Central and Eastern Mediterranean
  • . Fumaria gaillardotii Boiss, Origin: Mediterranean
  • . Fumaria judaica Boiss, with three subspecies, Origin: Eastern Mediterranean region
  • Fumaria kralikii Jordan, Origin: Southern and Southeastern Europe, Western Asia
  • Fumaria macrocarpa Parl, Origin: Balkan Peninsula, Malta, the Middle East, Libya
  • Fumaria macrosepala Boiss. with four subspecies, Origin: Spain, Morocco
  • Fumaria melillaica Pugsley, Origin: Southern Spain, Morocco
  • Fumaria mirabilis Pugsley, Origin: South of Spain, North Africa
  • Fumaria munbyi Boiss. & Reuter, Origin: Islas Columbrete in Spain, Algeria
  • Fumaria occidentalis Pugsley, Origin: South of England
  • . Fumaria petteri Rchb, Origin: Southern Europe, North Africa, Western Asia
  • Fumaria pugsleyana ( Pugsley ) Lidén, Origin: Southern Spain, Morocco
  • Fumaria purpurea Pugsley, Origin: Great Britain, Ireland and France ( Guernsey)
  • Fumaria reuteri Boiss. (incl. F. martinii Clavaud ), Origin: Western Europe (Portugal, Spain, France, southern England )
  • Fumaria rupestris Boiss. & Reut. with five subspecies, Origin: southern Spain, Corsica, North Africa
  • Fumaria segetalis ( Hamar ) Coutinho, Origin: South of Spain, North Africa
  • Fumaria sepium Boiss. & Reuter, Origin: Spain, Portugal, Morocco

Today, no longer to the genus Fumaria include:

  • Fumaria africana Lam. ⇒ Rupicapnos africana ( Lam.) Pomel
  • Fumaria alba Mill ⇒ Pseudofumaria alba (Mill.) Lidén
  • Fumaria bulbosa L. Corydalis solida ⇒ (L.) Clairv.
  • Fumaria bulbosa var cava Corydalis cava ⇒ L. (L.) Schweigg. Korte &
  • Fumaria bulbosa var solida L. Corydalis solida ⇒ (L.) Clairv.
  • Fumaria cucullaria L. ⇒ Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh.
  • Fumaria decumbens Thunb. ⇒ Corydalis decumbens ( Thunb. ) Pers.
  • Fumaria eximia Ker Gawl. Dicentra eximia ⇒ ( Ker Gawl. ) Torr.
  • Fumaria flavula Raf. ⇒ Corydalis flavula ( Raf. ) DC.
  • Formosa Dicentra formosa ⇒ fumaria Andrews ( Andrews ) Walp.
  • Fumaria fungosa Aiton ⇒ Adlumia fungosa ( Aiton ) Greene ex Britton et al.
  • Fumaria lutea L. ⇒ Pseudofumaria lutea (L.) Borkh.
  • Fumaria nobilis L. ⇒ Corydalis nobilis (L. ) Pers.
  • Fumaria peregrina Rudolphi Dicentra peregrina ⇒ ( Rudolphi ) Makino
  • Fumaria sempervirens L. ⇒ Capnoides sempervirens (L.) Borkh.
  • Fumaria spectabilis L. ⇒ Lamprocapnos spectabilis (L.) Fukuhara

Swell

  • Description in the Flora of Pakistan. (English )
  • David E. Boufford: Fumaria in the Flora of North America, Volume 3: Online. (English )
  • Walter Erhardt et al: The big walleye. Encyclopedia of plant names. Volume 2 Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7
Spur (botany) Germanic peoples Agricultural Research Service Werner Greuter
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