Grass Skippers

Comma Skipper (male ) ( Hesperia comma )

The Hesperiinae ( Hesperiidae ) are a subfamily of the skipper ( Hesperiidae ) within the butterflies. There is a large subfamily with over 2000 species in about 325 genera.

Features

As apomorphes feature of this group is specified that the vein closer arises in most species M2 of the front wing to vein M3 than for M1 vein. In some genera of Hesperiinae it arises, however, exactly between M1 and M3 as with many representatives of Pyrrhopygini and some types of Eudaminae. They have a short forewing cell. In most Hesperiinae the abdomen is longer than the hind wings. They are also characterized by a special wing position which they occupy during the sun and warm up. They keep the hind wings fully outstretched, while the front wings are only half open and be maintained. In the males stigmata are formed on the front wings. Some species have specialized scales on the underside of the forewings and hind wings, tufts on the hind wings, or a stigma on top of the rear wings.

Geographical distribution and habitat

The Hesperiinae are distributed worldwide. However, about half of the species occurs in the Neotropics. The majority of the moth is diurnal. The larvae feed almost exclusively on monocots; are a total of ten species of plant families including. Among them are: Arum ( Araceae ), palm family ( Arecaceae ), Lily Family ( Liliaceae ), banana family ( Musaceae ) and grasses ( Poaceae ).

System

The subfamily Hesperiinae, Nominatunterfamilie the Hesperiidae family is extremely genus- and species- rich. In total there are currently about 325 genera with over 2000 species known. It is the most diverse subfamily, which contains two-thirds of the species of Hesperiidae family by far. In Europe, however, are only eleven species present in six genera. In the latest taxonomy of Warren et al. (2009) distinguish eight Tribus:

Classification of Hesperiinae by Warren et al. (2009)

Tribus Aeromachini Tutt, 1906 Genus ACADA Evans, 1937
Genus Acerbas de Nicéville, 1895
Genus Acleros Mabille, 1885
Genus Actinor Watson, 1893
Genus Aegiale C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860
Genus Aero Telemachus de Nicéville, 1890
Genus Agathymus Freeman, 1959
Genus Alera Mabille, 1891
Genus Ampittia Moore, 1881
Genus ancistroides Butler, 1874
Genus Andronymus Holland, 1896
Genus Ankola Evans, 1937
Genus Apostictopterus Leech, 1893
Genus Arnetta Watson, 1893
Genus Artitropa Holland, 1896
Genus Astictopterus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860
Genus Baracus Moore, 1881
Genus Barca de Nicéville, 1902
Genus Caenides Holland, 1896
Genus Ceratrichia Butler, 1870
Genus Chondrolepis Mabille, 1904
Genus Creteus de Nicéville, 1895
Genus Cupitha Moore, 1884
Genus Eetion de Nicéville, 1895
Genus Eogenes Mabille, 1909
Genus Erionota Mabille, 1878 Erionota thrax ( Linnaeus, 1767)

Genus Baoris Moore, 1881
Genus Borbo Evans, 1949 Borbo borbonica ( Lederer, 1855)

Gegenes Nostradamus (Fabricius, 1793)
Gegenes pumilio ( Hoffmannsegg, 1804)

Pelopidas thrax ( Hübner, 1821)

Genus Arrhenes Mabille, 1904
Banta genus Evans, 1949
Genus Cephrenes Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914
Genus Kobrona Evans, 1935
Genus Mimene Joicey & Talbot, 1917
Genus Ocybadistes Heron, 1894
Genus Oriens Evans, 1932
Genus Pastria Evans, 1949
Genus Potanthus Scudder, 1872
Genus Sabera Swinhoe, 1908
Genus Suniana Evans, 1934
Genus Taractrocera Butler, 1870
Genus Telicota Moore, 1881

Genus Adopaeoides Godman, 1900
Genus Ancyloxypha C. Fields,
Genus Copaeodes Speyer, 1877
Genus Oarisma Scudder, 1872
Genus Thymelicus Hübner, 1819 Black Kolbiger Brown - Skipper ( Thymelicus lineola ) ( Ochsenheimer, 1808)
Brown Kolbiger Brown - Skipper ( Thymelicus sylvestris ) ( Poda, 1761 )
Mattscheckiger Brown - Skipper ( Thymelicus Acteon ) (Linnaeus, 1758)

Genus Aides Bill Berg, 1820
Genus argon Evans, 1955
Genus aroma Evans, 1955
Genus Calpodes Hübner, 1819
Genus Carystina Evans, 1955
Genus Carystoides Godman, 1901
Genus Carystus Hübner, 1819
Genus Chloeria Mabille, 1904
Genus Cobaloides Hayward, 1939
Genus Cobalus Hübner, 1819
Genus Damas Godman, 1901
Genus Dubiella Evans, 1936
Genus Ebusus Evans, 1955
Genus Evansiella Hayward, 1948
Genus Lychnuchoides Godman, 1901
Genus Lychnuchus Hübner, 1831
Genus Megaleas Godman, 1901
Genus Moeros Evans, 1955
Genus Neoxeniades Hayward, 1938
Genus Nyctus Mabille, 1891
Genus Orphe Godman, 1901
Genus Panoquina Hemming, 1934
Genus Sacrator Evans, 1955
Genus Saliana Evans, 1955
Genus Synale Mabille, 1904
Genus Talides Hübner, 1819
Genus Telles Godman, 1900 (probably a synonym of Thracides
Genus Tellona Evans, 1955
Genus Thracides Hübner, 1819
Genus Tisias Godman, 1901
Genus Tromba Evans, 1955
Genus Turesis Godman, 1901
Genus Turmada Evans, 1955
Genus Zeni Godman, 1900

Genus Anthoptus Bell, 1942
Genus Corticea Evans, 1955
Genus Falga Mabille, 1898
Genus Mnaseas Godman, 1901
Genus Propapias Mielke, 1992
Genus Synapte Mabille, 1904
Genus Zalomes Bell, 1947

Genus Adlerodea Hayward, 1940
Genus Amblyscirtes Scudder, 1872
Genus Apaustus Hübner, 1819
Genus Arita Evans, 1955
Genus Artines Godman, 1901
Genus Bruna Evans, 1955
Genus Callimormus Scudder, 1872
Genus Cantha Evans, 1955
Genus Cobalopsis Godman, 1900
Genus Cumbre Evans, 1955
Genus Cymaenes Scudder, 1872
Genus Dion Godman, 1901
Genus Enosis Mabille, 1889
Genus Eprius Godman, 1901
Genus Eutocus Godman, 1901
Genus Eutychide Godman, 1900
Genus Flaccilla Godman, 1901
Genus Gallio Evans, 1955
Genus Halotus Godman, 1900
Genus Igapophilus Mielke, 1980
Genus Inglorius Austin, 1997
Genus Joanna Evans, 1955
Genus Justinia Evans, 1955
Genus Lamponia Evans, 1955
Genus Lento Evans, 1955
Genus Lerema Scudder, 1872
Genus Lerodea Scudder, 1872
Genus Levina Evans, 1955
Genus Lucida Evans, 1955
Genus Ludens Evans, 1955
Genus methionine Godman, 1900
Genus Methionopsis Godman, 1901
Genus Miltomiges Mabille, 1903
Genus Mnasicles Godman, 1901
Genus Mnasilus Godman, 1900
Genus Mnasinous Godman, 1900
Genus Mnasitheus Godman, 1900
Genus Mnestheus Godman, 1901
Genus Moeris Godman, 1900
Genus Molla Evans, 1955
Genus Monca Evans, 1955
Genus Morys Godman, 1900
Genus Mucia Godman, 1900
Genus Naevolus Hemming, 1939
Genus Nastra Evans, 1955
Genus Niconiades Hübner, 1821
Genus Onophas Godman, 1900
Genus Pamba Evans, 1955
Genus Panca Evans, 1955
Genus Papias Godman, 1900
Genus Paracarystus Godman, 1900
Genus Parphorus Godman, 1900
Genus Peba Mielke, 1968
Genus Penicula Evans, 1955
Genus Phanes Godman, 1901
Genus Pheraeus Godman, 1900
Genus Phlebodes Hübner, 1819
Genus Psoralis Mabille, 1904
Genus Punta Evans, 1955
Genus Radiatus Mielke, 1968
Genus Remella Hemming, 1939
Genus repens Evans, 1955
Genus Rhinthon Godman, 1900
Genus Saniba Mielke & Casagrande, 2003
Genus Saturnus Evans, 1955
Genus Sodalia Evans, 1955
Genus Styriodes Schaus, 1913
Genus Sucova Evans, 1955
Genus Thargella Godman, 1900
Genus Thoon Godman, 1900
Genus Tigasis Godman, 1900
Genus Vehilius Godman, 1900
Genus Vena Evans, 1955
Genus Vertica Evans, 1955
Genus Vettius Godman, 1901
Genus Vidius Evans, 1955
Genus Vinius Godman, 1900
Genus Vinpeius Austin, 1997
Genus Virga Evans, 1955
Genus Zariaspes Godman, 1900

Genus Anatrytone Dyar, 1905
Genus Appia Evans, 1955
Genus Arotis Mabille, 1904
Genus Asbolis Mabille, 1904
Genus Atalopedes Scudder, 1872
Genus Atrytone Scudder, 1872
Genus Atrytonopsis Godman, 1900
Genus Buzyges Godman, 1900
Genus Caligulana Bell, 1942
Genus chalcones Evans, 1955
Genus Choranthus Scudder, 1872
Genus Conga Evans, 1955
Genus Cravera de Jong, 1983
Genus Cyclosma Draudt, 1923
Genus Cynea Evans, 1955
Genus Decinea Evans, 1955
Genus Euphyes Scudder, 1872
Genus Hansa Evans, 1955
Genus Hesperia Fabricius, 1793 Comma Skipper ( Hesperia comma ) (Linnaeus, 1758)

Rust Colored Dickkopffalter ( Ochlodes sylvanus ) ( Esper, 1777)

Swell

Glossata Skipper (butterfly) Scale (Lepidopteran anatomy) Gegenes nostrodamus Essex Skipper Small Skipper Lulworth Skipper Digital Object Identifier

390409