Grimm's law
The first sound shift, also called Germanic sound shift, marks the transition from ( ur) to Indo-European ( ur) Germanic consonant system. It had the effect - probably in the second half of the 1st millennium BC - a clear differentiation between the ( pre-) Germanic and the other differentiating Indo-European languages . Within the early Germanic it marks the transition from pre- to Primitive Germanic. The second sound shift later led to the emergence of High German.
The law prohibits first sound shift was discovered in 1806 by Friedrich Schlegel and Rasmus Christian Rask in 1818 by and formulated in 1822 by Jacob Grimm (hence in English Grimm 's Law ).
Dating
A precise dating of the first sound shift is not possible, but it is consistently located in the period after 500 BC because several loan words that were not entered into the Germanic from the southeast before the 5th century BC, the first sound shift have mitvollzogen. The two main examples are probably the Scythian words * Kanba, hemp ' (. Cf. Osset Gaén ( æ), hotansak kaṃhā, . Comes from this source also Greek cannabis ( κάνναβις ) ), which in the Primitive Germanic sound shift after * χanapiz was, and * Baita, shepherds rock ', the paiđō in Primitive Germanic * to ( cf. OHG pfeit, petticoat ', resulting bavarian Pfoad, shirt ') was.
A few Germanic names suggest that the first sound shift, may have been at least in the western part of the Germanic language area until the 1st century BC to the financial statements. The most important examples are:
Since no Latin loanword has mitvollzogen the sound shift in one of the Germanic languages , this had in any case before the spread of Latin in Central Europe from the 1st century AD have been completed. Also the fact that the Proto-Germanic language unit from this time gradually dissolved no later than, but all Germanic languages have the sound shift performed completely, presupposes that this sound change was completed by the birth of Christ in all parts of the Germanic language area.
If the inscription on the helmet Negauer B, as generally assumed, testifies to the Germanic name Harigastiz, and possibly beyond with Teiva ( cf. arrangement. Týr, god of war ', Tivar ' gods' ) but also an analogue of altlateinisch deiuos (from which the Latin deus / Divus ), confirmed this testimony, that the first sound shift have been already completed by no later than 50 BC ( at least in this dialect, which is not only clearly Germanic, but seems the Primitive Germanic also very nearly available ) needs.
The fact that the first sound shift can be done relatively late in the development of early Germanic, confirmed the fact that ( aspiratae Tenues, mediae and mediae ) within the three Indo-European " plosive series " that were affected by this sound change, not in the Germanic individual languages mixing has occurred. An early shift this 3 x 4 consonants would have a high probability to the beginning of the tradition of the Germanic languages to individual mixtures, such as assimilation or dissimilation. Anyway, is the continued accurate separation of the three plosive series in Primitive Germanic necessarily presuppose that the mediae b, d, g, and gw only to the Tenues p, t, k and kw hardened, than those from the Indo-European inherited Tenues (at least ) by aspiration clearly distinguished from the new Tenues.
Change of plosives
This By law describes the change of the Primitive Indo-European plosives in the first millennium BC to the Primitive Germanic equivalents. It bears witness to some regular correspondences between early Germanic closure sounds and fricatives ( fricatives ) with voiced closure sounds of other Indo-European languages , with Grimm referred mainly in Latin and Greek. In the traditional version, she ran into the following three phases:
The voiced aspirated plosives may have been originally voiced fricatives before they hardened under certain conditions to the voiced unaspirated closure sounds "b ", "d " and "g", but this is disputed by some linguists ( cf. Proto-Germanic phonology ).
This shift in sound was the first significant systematic sound change, which was discovered in linguistics. Its formulation was a turning point in the development of linguistics, but they enabled the introduction of a strict methodology in research historical- linguistic. The Under the law was first discovered in 1806 by Friedrich von Schlegel in 1818 and Rasmus Christian Rask of 1822 drafted by Jacob Grimm with reference to the standard German in his work German grammar.
Samples
The results of the first sound shift are sometimes obscured by the effect of subsequent sound change in Germanic individual languages . The best known example is the already mentioned above High German consonant shift. The following are the clearest examples of the Germanic languages in all performed first sound shift:
This is strikingly regular basis. Each stage includes only a single change, as well as the labial (P, B, B ʰ, f) and corresponding to these dental sounds (t, d, d ʰ, Th) the velar sounds (k, g, g ʰ h) rounded velar sounds relates to (k ʷ, g ʷ, g ʷ ʰ, hw ). The first phase took the Phonemrepertoire the voiceless plosives, the second phase of filling this gap, however, created a new gap in Phonemrepertoire. This process continued until the chain shift was over.
Exceptions
The voiceless plosives were not fricatives if they * s ( fricative ) was preceded by:
The voiceless plosive * t was also a non- fricative if it * p, * k, * k ʷ or ( unvoiced plosives ) preceded by:
At the time when the voiceless plosives were frikatisiert in Primitive Germanic, this Frikatisierung concerned only voiceless plosives when they were with the unvoiced plosive * t together. This situation is described in the terms of primary contact effect, dental contact or " Germanic Spirantenregel before t":
The " rebellious " group apparent exceptions from the first sound shift, which was a challenge for historical linguistics for several decades, was finally declared in 1875 by the Danish linguist Karl Verner (see Verner 's law).
Matches to the Primitive Indo-European
Looking at the first ( Germanic ) Sound Shift in connection with the changes as they are assigned to other Indo-European languages , so can be a match within the different branches of the language family notice. So true, for example, the Germanic word initial * b - usually with the Latin * f -, the Greek p ʰ -, the b ʰ - of Sanskrit, and the Slavic, Baltic or Celtic b- consistent, whereas for the Germanic * f - similarities with the Latin, Greek, ancient Indian, Slavic and Baltic p- result. The first group goes back to the Indo-European * b ʰ -, which is reflected consistently in Sanskrit and in a modified form in many other languages. The latter group goes to the urindogermanische * p- back ( in the Germanic moved, lost in Celtic, but remained preserved in the other groups mentioned here ).