Heliantheae

Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus )

The tribe Heliantheae in the subfamily herbaceous not heard today about 112 plant genera of the largest within the sunflower family ( Asteraceae). Approximately 95 % of the species have their home in the New World.

  • 3.1 Notes and references

Description

There are usually one- or two-year perennial herbaceous plants, rarely subshrubs, shrubs or trees. The often stalked leaves can have very different leaf shapes.

In the basket- shaped inflorescence are often located both tongue and tubular flowers. At the edge of the flower basket is a wreath of tongue-shaped, zygomorphic ray florets, also called ray florets that have three or fewer Kronblattzipfel; in some taxa lacking ray florets. Always are usually radiärsymmetrische or rarely more or less zygomorphe, double lip, tubular flowers available. The five petals are fused into a tube, usually with five or rarely three or four corolla lobes.

In some genera the species flowers baskets from florets and ray florets rand union made ​​(examples: (Rudbeckia ) and sunflower (Helianthus ) ) and form so-called ray florets. Other species have only tubular flowers.

The fruits achenes, in this tribe have never Flight parachutes ( as it exists about the dandelion), often lack the pappus or there are Pappusborsten available.

System

The tribe Heliantheae in 1819 erected by Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini in Journal de Physique, de Chimie et d' Histoire Naturelle des Arts, vol 88, p 189. Type genus is Helianthus L.

The tribe Heliantheae formerly contained about 189-300 genera with 2500-3300 species. Today, only about 112 genera of this tribe are still allocated. The division into subtribe is complicated and has often been revised. In recent years, many of the previous total of 35 Subtribus to own tribe were. Today the tribe Heliantheae is broken down by Panero 2007 in only 14 subtribe:

  • Subtribe Ambrosiinae Lessing: Most species have their home in the New World. It contains seven genera with 70-90 species: Grapes herbs ( Ambrosia L. ): The above types are mainly in tropical to subtropical and temperate regions of the New World widespread, with an emphasis of biodiversity in North America (22 species). Some species are neophytes in the Old World.
  • Dicoria Torrey & A. Gray: The only two species are widespread from western North America to northwestern Mexico.
  • Hedosyne: it contains only one type: Hedosyne ambrosiifolia ( A. Gray ) Strother: It is distributed from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
  • Parthenice mollis A. Gray: It occurs only in Arizona and northwestern Mexico.
  • Guayule ( Parthenium arge tatum L.): it returns rubber.
  • Subtribe Chromolepidinae Panero: Chromolepis Benth.
  • Subtribe Dugesiinae Panero: Dugesia A.Gray
  • Subtribe Ecliptinae: it contains since Panero et al 1999 about 27 (formerly 35 to 50 ) genera: Clibadium: The approximately 40 species are widespread in the Neotropics.
  • Damnxanthodium Strother
  • Delilia Spreng.
  • Eclipta L.: Types With four.
  • Elaphandra Strother
  • Idiopappus H.Rob. & Panero
  • Kingianthus H.Rob.
  • Lasianthaea DC.
  • Lipochaeta DC.
  • Lundellianthus H.Rob.
  • Melanthera tube
  • Monactis Kunth
  • Oblivia Strother
  • Otopappus Benth.
  • Oyedaea DC.
  • Perymeniopsis H.Rob.
  • Perymenium Schrad.
  • Rensonia S.F.Blake
  • Sphagneticola O.Hoffm.
  • Steiractinia S.F.Blake
  • Synedrella Gaertn.
  • Tilesia G.Mey.
  • Wamalchitamia Strother
  • Wedelia Jacq.
  • Wollastonia DC. ex Decne
  • Zexmenia La Llave & Lex
  • Subtribe Enceliinae: it contains about five genera: Encelia Adans.
  • Enceliopsis ( A. Gray ) A.Nelson
  • Flourensia DC.
  • Geraea Torr. & A. Gray
  • Dwarf sunflowers ( Helianthella Torr & A. Gray. ): The nine and ten species are widespread in Mexico and North America.
  • Subtribe Engelmanniinae: it contains about nine genera: Berlandiera DC.
  • Borrichia Adans.
  • Chrysogonum L.
  • Engelmannia Torr. & A. Gray
  • Lindheimera A. Gray & Engelm.
  • Silphien ( Silphium L.): The approximately twelve species are widespread in North America.
  • Vigethia W.A.Weber
  • Wyethia Nutt.
  • Subtribe Helianthinae Cass. ex Dum. contains approximately 18 genera: Aldama La Llave
  • Alvordia Brandegee
  • Bahiopsis Kellogg
  • Calanticaria ( B.L.Rob. & Greenm. ) E.E.Schill. & Panero
  • Sunflowers ( Helianthus L.): With about 52 species.
  • Heliomeris Nuttall
  • Hymenostephium Benth.
  • Iostephane Benth.
  • Lagascea Cav.
  • Pappobolus S.F.Blake
  • Phoebanthus S.F.Blake
  • Rhysolepis S.F.Blake
  • Sclerocarpus Jacquin
  • Simsia pers.
  • Stuessya B.L.Turner
  • Syncretocarpus S.F.Blake
  • Tithonia Desfontaines ex Juss. The approximately eleven species are widespread in North and Central America.
  • Viguiera Kunth
  • Subtribe Montanoinae: it contains only one genus: Montanoa: The 25 to 33 species are distributed from Mexico through Central America to northern South America.
  • Subtribe Rojasianthinae: Rojasianthe Standlschmaus. & Steyerm.
  • Subtribe Rudbeckiinae: it contains only two genera and about 30 species: Ratibida Raf.
  • Rudbeckia (Rudbeckia L.)
  • Subtribe Spilanthinae: it contains about five genera: Acmella Rich. ex Pers.
  • Oxycarpha S.F.Blake
  • Salmea DC.
  • Spilanthes Jacq. Species with six.
  • Tetranthus Sw.
  • Subtribe Verbesininae: it contains about four genera: Podachaenium Benth.
  • Squamopappus R.K.Jansen, N.A.Harriman & Urbatsch
  • Tetrachyron Schltr. With about eight species.
  • Verbesina L.
  • Subtribe Zaluzaniinae: it contains only two to three genera with about 14 species: Cass hybrid screen. With two types.
  • Zaluzania pers. Twelve types.
  • Subtribe Zinniinae: It contains about seven genera: Coneflower ( Echinacea Moench )
  • Sun eyes ( Heliopsis pers.): Of the 14 to 18 species, most are located in Mexico.
  • Philactis Schrad.
  • Hussars buttons ( Sanvitalia Lam. ): The five to seven styles are central to South America spread from the southwestern United States through Mexico and.
  • Tehuana Panero & Villaseñor
  • Trichocoryne S.F.Blake
  • Zinnia ( Zinnia ): With about 22 species.

Full alphabetical list genus

Today only about 112 genera:

  • Acmella Rich. ex Pers.
  • Aldama La Llave
  • Alvordia Brandegee
  • Ambrosia L.
  • Bahiopsis Kellogg
  • Genus L.
  • Berlandiera DC.
  • Blainvillea Cass. Approximately ten species.
  • Borrichia Adans.
  • Calanticaria ( B.L.Rob. & Greenm. ) E.E.Schill. & Panero
  • Calyptocarpus Less.
  • Chromolepis Benth.
  • Chrysogonum L.
  • Clibadium: With about 40 species in the Neotropics.
  • Damnxanthodium Strother
  • Delilia Spreng.
  • Dicoria Torr. & A. Gray
  • Dimerostemma Cass.
  • Dugesia A.Gray
  • Eclipta L.
  • Elaphandra Strother
  • Eleutheranthera Poit. Bosc ex.
  • Encelia Adans.
  • Enceliopsis ( A. Gray ) A.Nelson
  • Engelmannia Torr. & A. Gray
  • Euphrosyne DC.
  • Exomiocarpon Lawalrée
  • Fenixia Merr.
  • Flourensia DC.
  • Geraea Torr. & A. Gray
  • Hedosyne ( A. Gray ) Strother
  • Dwarf sunflowers ( Helianthella Torr & A. Gray. ): The nine and ten species are widespread in Mexico and North America.
  • Sunflowers ( Helianthus L.): With about 52 species.
  • Heliomeris Nutt.
  • Sun eyes ( Heliopsis pers.): With about 14 to 18 species. Most species are native to Mexico.
  • Hoff Manni Ella Schltr. ex Lawalrée
  • Cass hybrid screen. With two types.
  • Hymenostephium Benth.
  • Idiopappus H.Rob. & Panero
  • Iogeton Strother
  • Iostephane Benth.
  • Iva L.
  • Jefea Strother
  • Kingianthus H.Rob.
  • Lagascea Cav.
  • Lantanopsis C.Wright ex Griseb.
  • Lasianthaea DC.
  • Leptocarpha DC.
  • Lindheimera A. Gray & Engelm. : Lindheimera texana A. Gray & Engelm. It occurs in the southern United States and northeastern Mexico.

Swell

  • Jose L. Panero: Tribe Heliantheae, pp. 440-477, in JW Kadereit & C. Jeffrey: Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Volume VIII, Flowering Plants, eudicots, Asterales: Compositae. Springer -Verlag, Berlin, 2007.
  • Jose L. Panero: entry in the Tree of Life Project, 2008.
  • Theodore M. Barkley, Luc Brouillet & John L. Strother: Tribe Heliantheae - text the same online as printed work, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 21 - Magnoliophyta: unranked ( in part): Asteraceae, part 3, Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530565-5 ( Description section, in the old scope ).
Asterids Asteroideae Henri Cassini Pappus (flower structure) Parthenium argentatum Cocklebur Silphium (genus)
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