Kalkatungu language

Spoken in

  • Australian languages Pama - Nyunga languages Kalkatungu languages Kalkadoon (language)

Ktg

The Kalkadoon language ( including Kalkutungu, Galgadungu, Kalkutung, Kalkatungu, Galgaduun ) is a probably extinct Australian Aboriginal language of Kalkadoon - who lived around the region of Mount Isa in Queensland.

  • 5.1 noun 5.1.1 cases 5.1.1.1 Education of cases
  • 5.2.1 exceptions
  • 5.4.1 Personal pronouns
  • 5.4.2 demonstrative
  • 5.4.3 interrogative

Classification

Kalkadoon is often classified alongside the closely related Aboriginal language Wakabunga with the Yalarnnga language together as Kalkatungu language subgroup of the Pama - Nyunga language family. O'Grady et al classified the language, however, is the only member of the " Kalkatungu language subset " of the Pama - Nyunga language family, and Dixon (2002 ) refers to the Kalkatungu language subset as an areal group.

Phonology

Vowels

Consonants

1 = It is not clear whether the attacks are one or more occasions.

Emphasis

In the Kalkadoon language to emphasis expresses itself in the form of volume. The sentence stress is organized similarly as in English, the first syllable in the last word of a phonological phrase gets the most emphasis. In addition, when there are more than two words in a phrase, the first syllable of the first word given more emphasis than the word that is not at the end.

Sign language

Kendon (1988 ) shows in his work that the Kalkadoon have also developed a sign language form of their language.

Grammar

Noun

The Kalkadoon language has six cases.

Education of cases

A case is made (suffix) in Kalkatungu by appending a suffix. Ergative: The ergative case is the most complex case.

  • Family members, ending in u: -yu (eg martu (mother) → martuyu )
  • Family members, ending in a or i: -i (eg kurla (father) → kurlai )
  • Two-syllable nouns with a nasal (m, n, ng), stop sound ( p, t, k) and vowel at the end: -ku (eg Kunka ( floor) → kunkaku )
  • Other two-syllable nouns ending in a vowel: - ngku (eg kupu (spider) → kupungku )
  • Noun with more than two syllables: - thu (eg matjumpa ( kangaroo ) → matjumathu )
  • Nouns that end in s: -tu (eg Kalpin ( young man ) → Kalpintu )
  • Nouns that end in t: t is by - te replaced (eg Utingat ( Emu ) → Utingartu )
  • Nouns that end with yn: yn is replaced by ntju (eg Mulpiyn ( parrot) → Mulpintju )

Locative:

  • Noun with more than two syllables and a vocal ending: - thi (eg Paimarra ( Cloncurry ) → Paimarrathi )
  • All other noun: - pia (eg Nhaut ( child) → Nhautpia )

Dating:

  • Nouns ending in a consonant: -ku (eg Kalpin ( young man ) → Kalpinku )
  • Nouns that end in a vowel: repetition of the vowel at the end ( eg, Kurla (father) → Kurlaa )

Allative: - ppe is the dative form of the noun is appended (eg Taun (city) → Taunku (see dative ) → Taunkunha )

Ablative: - ngu is the Lokativform the noun appended (eg Paimarra ( Cloncurry ) → Paimarrathi (see locative ) → Paimarrathingu )

All remaining forms are formed as shown in the table above.

Transcriptions

For some nouns existed before the arrival of the British no names, such as for creatures who did not live in their area. For this reason, words have been taken from the English language, which correspond to the Kalkatungu pronunciation.

Examples: " Thuku " (dog) from the English word " dog" "kiki " (cake ) from the English " cake" " taun " (city) from the English " town"

Verbs

A distinction is between transitive and intransitive verbs Kalkadoon. In the intransitive verbs is obvious who performs the action, why not Ergativkonjugation the agent is necessary. The verbs are formed by means of suffixes. It will only mean mood and tense conjugated, not number or genus.

Examples of transitive verbs are: itjai ( bite ), unpii ( take ), ngkai ( send ). Here it is clear that the acting person can not be inferred from the context, which is why the ergative is required.

Examples of intransitive verbs are: ara ( enter), Thuna ( race ), watharra ( come out ). Here it becomes clear that the person acting can be inferred from the context, which is why the nominative is necessary.

Exceptions

Some exceptions are predefined in particular verbs. The most important exception is the verb "to have": -yan/-aan/-an attach to the noun, which is owned (eg yuku ( spear ) → yukuyan = have a spear ).

Adjectives

Adjectives behave in Kalkadoon as well as nouns. These are hung on the noun and not declined.

Pronoun

The pronouns in Kalkadoon are formed independently of the Kasusbildungsregeln for the noun. However, the meaning is the same. For each case there is ever a pronoun.

Personal pronouns

There are in the personal pronouns in Kalkadoon 3 Numbers, namely the singular, dual and plural. For gender, there are no separate personal pronoun, this is clearly mostly by the context.

Demonstrative pronoun

The demonstrative pronouns have the same Numbers as personal pronouns and are subdivided into three degrees of distance: something at the speaker, something at the person addressed and something that is neither the speaker nor the addressee.

Interrogative

There are Kalkadoon three types of question words, namely for the person (eg, Who? ) For the cause (eg, What? ) And the location (eg Where? ).

Kalkadoon people Sprachbund Laminal consonant Bilabial consonant Velar consonant Palatal consonant Dental consonant Alveolar consonant Retroflex consonant Lateral Approximant consonant Instrumental case Cloncurry, Queensland Past Future tense Irrealis mood#Potential Imperative R. M. W. Dixon
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