Krameria

Illustration of the Red Ratanhia ( Krameria lappacea )

The Krameria, sometimes called Ratanhien, are the only plant genus of the family of Ratanhiengewächse ( Krameriaceae ) within the order of Jochblattartigen ( Zygophyllales ). The approximately 18 species occur only in the Neotropics.

• 5.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

Krameria species grow as shrubs or perennial herbaceous plants. There are parasitic plants, more precisely, half parasite known as Hemiparasitsche plants; there is a wide range of potential host plants species. The roots of the seedlings have no root hairs and roots must be connected in the first two months with the host plant. Secondary growth is based on a konventionalen Kambiumring.

The alternate and spirally arranged leaves are apparently most simple, composed apparently they are at Krameria cytisoides and always entire. Stipules are not available.

Inflorescences and flowers

They form racemose inflorescences or flowers stand singly in the leaf axils. The flowers are each about two tiny bracts.

The five-fold, hermaphrodite, zygomorphic flowers have a double perianth and see pea flowers somewhat similar. From the best five (rarely four) different sized sepals are usually the outer three larger than the inner; they are the showy part of the flower, pink, purple or yellow and kronblattartig. From the reduced usually five (rarely four) different shaped petals are usually the two lower small, wide and thick, and the upper three are nailed; here takes place the secretion of fatty oil to attract the pollinators. There are usually four, rarely three or five unequal stamens present, they can be mutually free or fused. There may be staminodes. Of the two carpels only one developed and forms the upper permanent, unilocular ovary. Each ovary contains only two hanging, collateral, anatrope, bitegmisch ovules.

Flowers Ecology

Bees of the genus Centris collect oil from the flowers and ensure the pollination ( entomophily ).

Fruit and seeds

The fruits are spiny and contain only ever a seed. There is no endosperm present. The well-differentiated embryo is straight. The two thick cotyledons ( cotyledons ) are large and heart-shaped.

Dissemination

The areas of about 18 species are only in the Neotropics. Their home ranges from the southwestern United States to Chile and the Caribbean Islands. Ten kinds come from Kansas on the south-western United States ( with disjunct populations of a species in Florida and adjacent areas in Georgia ) to Costa Rica before. Six species come from northern Colombia to front the east central Brazil ( ixine Krameria ) with a kind of the Mexican Sinaloa and reached the Great and Lesser Antilles. Two species occur in Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile and Argentina in the western - central South America.

They thrive in warm arid and semi-arid areas.

System

The genus Krameria was erected in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus. This was editor of the written down by Pehr Loefling botanical travelogue Iter hispanicum, Stockholm: Lars Salvii Kostnad. It was Linnaeus on page 195 of the new genus, which Loefling had called in his manuscript Ixine, the name of Krameria. Type species is the Systema naturae in Linnaeus, Editio Decima 1759, Vol 2, p 899 published Krameria ixine L. The Krameriaceae family in 1829 by Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier in analysis of Familles de Plantes, 20, 23 set up. First, the genus Krameria was placed in the family of Polygalaceae, then led by Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier in 1829 as a separate family and Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert 1892 belongs to the Leguminosae. Beryl B. Simpson 1989, the reactivated Krameriaceae family in Flora Neotropica, Monograph 49, pp. 1-109. The Krameriaceae and Zygophyllaceae s.str. are sister families. The genus name honors the Krameria Austrian military doctor Johann Georg Heinrich Kramer (1684-1744), who also worked as a botanist.

There are about 18 species of Krameria:

• Krameria argentea Mart. ex Spreng. It occurs in the Brazilian states of Bahia, Goias and Federal District.
• Krameria bahiana BBSimpson: It is endemic to the Brazilian state of Bahia.
• Krameria cistoidea Hook. & Arn. , You occurs, for example in Chile.
• Krameria cytisoides Cav.
• Krameria erecta Willd. ex Schult. et Schult. f ( Syn: Krameria glandulosa Rose & JHPainter ): It is used in the U.S. states of southern New Mexico, southwestern Texas, Arizona, southern California and southern Nevada and in the Mexican states of Baja Norte, Baja Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, San Luis Potosi, Sonora and Zacatecas before.
• Krameria grandiflora A.St. - Hil.
• Krameria grayi Rose et Painter ( Syn: Krameria bicolor S.Watson, Krameria sonorae Britton ): It occurs in the U.S. states of Texas, Arizona, California, Nevada, and in the northern Mexican states of Sonora and Zacatecas.
• Krameria ixine L.: It comes on Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, Haiti, Curacao, Puerto Rico, before in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Guyana, Venezuela and Colombia.
• Krameria lanceolata Torr. It occurs in the U.S. states of Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, New Mexico, Texas and Arizona, and in the northern Mexican states of Chihuahua and Coahuila.
• Red Ratanhia ( Krameria lappacea ( Domb. ) Burd et Simp, Syn: .. Krameria triandra Ruiz et Pav, Krameria iluca Phil.): She is particularly prevalent in the Andes in Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina and Chile.
• Krameria pauciflora DC.
• Krameria paucifolia (Rose ) Rose
• Krameria ramosissima ( A. Gray ) S.Wats.
• Krameria revoluta O.Berg
• Krameria secundiflora DC.
• Krameria spartioides Klotzsch ex O.Berg
• Krameria tomentosa A. St. - Hil.

Use

The drug Ratanhiae radix ( ratanhiaroots ) Red Ratanhia ( Krameria lappacea ) is used medically.

Swell

• The Krameriaceae in APWebsite family. (Section Description and systematics)
• The Krameriaceae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz family. ( Description section )
• Beryl B. Simpson, Andrea Weeks, D. Helfgott Megan & Leah L. Larkin: Species relationships in Krameria ( Krameriaceae ) based on ITS sequences and morphology: implications for character utility and biogeography, In: Systematic Botany, 29, 2004, pp. 97-108. doi: 10.1600/036364404772974013 (Section Description, distribution and systematics)
• Krameriaceae at Jepson eFlora.