Landscape architecture

Under Landscape architecture is the design, planning and transformation of non- built space. This includes all outdoor spaces, mainly parks, sports grounds and recreational areas, public squares and gardens, but also other open spaces in rural and urban areas. The current landscape architecture defines itself as an aesthetic- artistic discipline on scientific and technical basis, the main objective is to create environmentally and socially intact living environments.

In the urban context, the term is sometimes " Space Planning " to "Landscape architecture in the city " are used as synonyms. Open space planning endeavors at all important for the settlement area levels of spatial planning also to a balance of residential areas and open spaces. Your legal problem is justified by the objectives of regional planning and land use planning in the light of nature and environmental protection.

Historically based landscape architecture to the urban green planning ( artistic urban and rationalist urban planning) and the regional landscape development (national beautification and landscape design).

In contrast to the architecture are the space-defining elements of landscape architecture plants, coverings, surfaces, hedges, walls, etc., and topographic modeling. Terracing, newly created Rondelle staffages with staircases are also included here. Landscape Architectural spaces are constantly changing through the use of dynamic vegetation and are in contrast to architectural spaces never "finished" or completed in their development.

History

Outdoor spaces, green areas and open spaces, there has been since ancient times in all European cities. The historical roots of landscape architecture are rooted in the cultural history of the landscape. The garden art, the historical forerunner of landscape architecture, some evolved over its history to an independent, especially in Baroque highly respected art form. Examples of historically significant state parks, the park of Versailles, the park of Stourhead southwest of London, the English Garden in Munich, Central Park in New York or the Parc de la Villette in Paris, which the applicable corporate, landscape and nature ideals were designed accordingly.

At the instigation of the liberal-minded nobility, but also through the initiative of citizens ( Peter Joseph, 1824) first popular gardens and public parks that followed the idea of the English landscape parks and should prepare all aesthetic pleasure arose.

The growth of the city during the Industrial Revolution has the general understanding of nature and the landscape gradually changed profoundly. The rural countryside outside the cities moved in ever greater distance and could not be achieved without effort and at any time. The unilateral use claim of aesthetic pleasure of green and open spaces has been increasingly criticized. This had a very on the development of garden design and garden culture, because the functional demands on landscape and garden changed severely, while artistic concerns increasingly receded into the background. It originated with a social policy objective differentiated usable green and open spaces.

In the Wagner, city architect of Berlin, required open space policy and aspects of urban sanitation and urban structure were included. Especially pronounced is the concern of open space planning to find in the developed by Howard garden city idea ( urban structure planning).

Ever since the Athens Charter, the open space planning is recognized as an important component of urban development planning in principle.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, open space planning has been initially envisioned primarily as a social, human health and the Constituent serving concerns. After the Second World War landscape structural targets were added ( green belts ) and the profession transformed the landscape architecture.

Landscape architecture is historically mainly in German-speaking countries a relatively new term which differs from the historic designations of garden design or landscape architecture. The English garden designer Humphry Repton described himself as first as a landscape architect ( "Landscape architect " The landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted was -. Then it is the Encyclopedia of Gardens can be seen - probably the first one in the U.S. mid-19th century the notion Landscape Architect coined in connection with his work on Central Park in New York Given the massive planning and construction project in New York, he was of the view that " Landscape Gardening ", in German: .. landscaping would be very limited focus of the garden 1899 consequently, the ASLA, the American Society of Landscape Architects established and a few decades later sat down, the term landscape architecture in Europe against the designation garden architecture through. Given the profound changes of the landscape in the 1930s and 1940s in Europe, it took the view of experts a new profession that not only the purely technical engineer that should overlook only Constructional the architect or the purely Horticulture, but the whole, the landscape and its design.

Landscape architecture today

Today just is again given increased importance to the aesthetic qualities of the living environment, which is clearly reflected in the current landscape architecture. There are two more majors to come, on the one hand the goal of nature conservation and landscape management, on the other hand, the communicative importance of green and open spaces.

Freiraumplanung it remains difficult to prevail against other municipal policies, because the jobs created or saved as part of the open space planning green and open spaces bring a no money. However, it is recorded a market-driven change of heart, as attractive open spaces are increasingly being perceived as " soft" location factors and value-enhancing moment for the development of urban real estate. In Germany, the upgrading of public spaces is in government programs, such as the Federal Transfer Agent " Active city and district centers," in the first place. In some German cities (eg Munich) open space design statutes integrate the landscape architectural planning in the approval process of building projects. Endowed by BDLA, since 1993, the German Landscape Architecture Prize is awarded - pays tribute under the patronage of the Federal Minister of Transport, Building and Urban Affairs, the example, realized in German-speaking projects of the discipline since 2011.

Education and qualifications

In German-speaking countries can landscape architecture (usually together with the second major in landscape architecture ) are studied at universities and colleges. In addition, also offer several architectural studies and art schools opportunities for specialization in landscape architecture.

University courses

• Technical University of Berlin
• Technical University of Dresden
• Leibniz Universität Hannover
• University of Kassel
• Technical University of Munich
• University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna ( Austria )

• Technical University of Berlin
• Technical University of Dresden ( planned)
• Leibniz Universität Hannover
• University of Kassel
• Technical University of Munich
• University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna ( Austria )

• Technical University of Dresden ( discontinued)

Colleges

• Anhalt University
• Beuth University of Technology Berlin
• University of Applied Sciences Erfurt
• Hochschule Rhein Main ( Geisenheim )
• University of East Westphalia -Lippe ( Hoexter )
• Neubrandenburg
• School of Economics and the Environment Nürtingen
• Hochschule Osnabrück
• Weihenstephan - Triesdorf
• University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil ( Switzerland )

Magazines of Landscape Architecture

• Anthos - Journal of Landscape Architecture. Une revue pour le paysage. Ast & Fischer Verlag Bern.
• Arch - magazine for architecture and urban planning. Arch Verlag Aachen.
• Garden landscape - Journal of Landscape Architecture ( Garden Design ). Callwey publisher Munich.
• Journal of landscape architecture ( Jola ). Callwey Verlag, Munich.
• City Green ( The Garden Office). Patzer publisher Hannover, Berlin.
• Topos - The international review of landscape architecture and urban design. Callwey Verlag, Munich.