Lygaeidae
Knight Bug ( Lygaeus equestris )
Chinch bugs or long- bugs ( Lygaeidae ) are a family of bugs (Heteroptera ). To her counted until the revision of the Pentatomomorpha with a focus on the Lygaeoidea by Henry in 1997, nearly 4,000 species in 16 subfamilies. Of these, many were raised in the family rank or reclassified so that the chinch bugs from today's perspective consist of three subfamilies, which include more than 100 genera and about 1000 species. In Europe, 59 species are represented, of which also occur in Central Europe 23 according to this definition.
Features
The small to large bugs have an elongated ovoid to elongated body that is usually structured punctiform. The animals are dark gray brown ( Ischnorhynchinae and Orsillinae ) or colored bright orange to red and black patterned (many Lygaeinae ). The head directed forward. Both the sensor and the labium are four members. The pronotum bears an indented cross along the calli. The tag ( scutellum ) carries an upraised, Y-shaped drawing. The spiracles on the abdomen are dorsal. When the nymphs the dorsal scent gland openings are located on the abdomen between the fourth to sixth Tergum.
Distribution and habitat
Chinch bugs are found worldwide. The largest group has Lygaeinae as their main distribution in the tropics and subtropics, where there are a few genera, which spread both in the Old as well as in the New World. The Ischnorhynchinae have their main distribution point as well in the tropics, but also in parts of the southern temperate latitudes. The Orsillinae their distribution area remarkably in the Hawaiian Islands, where more than half of the species is common. The animals come next before on many other islands of the oceans.
Way of life
The majority of chinch bugs feed on phytophagous species of seeds and living on plants. They often specialize in certain host species. Some types of Orsillinae and Lygaeinae are ground -dwelling. From these two subfamilies few species are also known to occur in agriculture as pests. So about Nysius vinitor in Australia on many different crops, such as citrus fruits, carrots, flax, sunflower, tomato, tobacco, parsnips, cherries, peaches, potatoes and corn harmful.
Taxonomy and systematics
The chinch bugs were first described in 1829 by Samuel Peter Schilling as a family, although already accepted authors before him jointly included taxon. The taxonomic classification of the family was repeatedly fundamentally transformed during the 20th century. It was found increasingly that the long -established view of the family as a large group with many sub-families because of paraphyly, for example, already by Schuh & Slater ( 1995) was noted was not hold up. The restructuring was carried out by the revision of Pentatomomorpha with a focus on the Lygaeoidea of Henry 1997. He got five subfamilies of the former Lygaenidae in the family rank ( Artheneidae, Cryptorhamphidae, Ninidae, Oxycarenidae and Pachygronthidae ), the previously already been accorded family status presented with five other subfamilies again ago ( Blissidae, Cymidae, Geocoridae, Heterogastridae and Rhyparochromidae ) and asked another subfamily as a family ( Henicocoridae ) together with the family Idiostolidae in the newly established superfamily Idiostoloidea. He also presented the Bledionotinae and Henestarinae unchanged in rank as a subfamily of the Geocoridae, as well as the Psamminae to Report Bugs ( Piesmatidae ).
The chinch bug ( Lygaeidae ) family is divided according to this view in the following three sub-families:
- Ischnorhynchinae (15 genera, 77 species, worldwide)
- Lygaeinae (57 genera, 640 species, worldwide)
- Orsillinae (29 genera, 255 species, worldwide)
In Europe, the following types are used:
- Subfamily Orsolinae Belonochilus numenius (Say, 1832)
- Camptocoris longicornis ( Puton, 1874)
- Nithecus jacobaeae ( Schilling, 1829)
- Nysius atlantidum Horvath, 1890
- Nysius contiguus Walker, 1872
- Nysius cymoides ( Spinola, 1837)
- Nysius ericae ( Schilling, 1829)
- Nysius gloriae Baena & Garcia, 1999
- Nysius graminicola ( Kolenati, 1845)
- Nysius helveticus ( Herrich -Schäffer, 1850)
- Nysius huttoni F.B. White, 1878
- Nysius immunis (Walker, 1872)
- Nysius senecionis ( Schilling, 1829)
- Nysius thymi (Wolff, 1804)
- Orsillus depressus ( Mulsant & Rey, 1852)
- Orsillus maculatus (fever, 1861)
- Orsillus pinicanariensis Lindberg, 1953
- Orsillus reyi Puton, 1871
- Ortholomus carinatus ( Lindberg, 1932)
- Ortholomus punctipennis ( Herrich -Schäffer, 1838)
- Subfamily Lygaeinae Mulsant & Rey Apterola kuenckeli, 1866
- Apterola lownii ( Saunders, 1876)
- Apterola iberica Horvath, 1899
- Apterola ramburi Pelaez, 1942
- Arocatus longiceps Stål, 1872
- Arocatus melanocephalus (Fabricius, 1798)
- Arocatus roeselii ( Schilling, 1829)
- Caenocoris nerii ( Germar, 1847)
- Cosmopleurus fulvipes ( Dallas, 1852)
- Graptostethus servus (Fabricius, 1787)
- Horvathiolus albomacula ( Lindberg, 1960)
- Horvathiolus canariensis (Wagner, 1954)
- Horvathiolus fulvescens ( Puton, 1874)
- Horvathiolus gibbicollis (A. Costa, 1882)
- Horvathiolus guttatus ( Rambur, 1839)
- Horvathiolus mendosus ( Horvath, 1916)
- Horvathiolus superbus ( Pollich, 1781)
- Horvathiolus syriacus ( Reuter, 1885)
- Lygaeosoma anatolicum Seidenstucker, 1960
- Lygaeosoma angular Reuter, 1885
- Lygaeosoma sardeum Spinola, 1837
- Lygaeosoma sibiricum Seidenstucker, 1962
- Lygaeus creticus Lucas, 1854
- Knight Bug ( Lygaeus equestris ) (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Lygaeus murinus ( Kiritshenko, 1914)
- Lygaeus simulans Deckert, 1985
- Melanocoryphus albomaculatus ( Goeze, 1778)
- Melanocoryphus tristrami ( Douglas & Scott, 1868)
- Melanotelus villosulus ( Stål, 1855)
- Paranysius australis Linnavuori, 1978
- Paranysius fraterculus Horvath, 1895
- Spilostethus furcula ( Herrich -Schäffer, 1850)
- Spilostethus pandurus ( Scopoli, 1763)
- Knappe ( Spilostethus saxatilis ) ( Scopoli, 1763)
- Tropidothorax leucopterus ( Goeze, 1778)
- Tropidothorax sternalis ( Dallas, 1852)
- Subfamily Ischnorhynchinae Kleidocerys ericae ( Horvath, 1908)
- Kleidocerys privignus ( Horvath, 1894)
- Birch Bug ( Kleidocerys resedae ) ( Panzer, 1797)
- Kleidocerys truncatulus (Walker, 1872)