Magnolia

Evergreen magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora ), flowering.

The magnolias (Magnolia ) are a genus of flowering plants in the family Magnoliaceae ( Magnoliaceae ). It contains about 230 species originating from East Asia and America. The genus was named after the French botanist Pierre Magnol. Some magnolia species and their varieties are popular ornamental trees.

Description

Magnolias are shrubs or trees that are deciduous or evergreen. The leaves are alternate arranged, sometimes clustered at the ends of the branches. The leaf blade is never assembled, the leaf margin is smooth. Stipules are present and fall soon after the deployment of the associated blade. The shape of the stipules is an important determining feature of the magnolia.

The flowers are terminal on the branches, rarely also on short shoots in the leaf axils. The flowers are created with some species already in the previous growing season and flourish in the spring before the first leaves appear, which makes the plant particularly attractive as ornamental trees. The flowers are constructed acyclic, that is, they are not divided into petal circles, and the petals are not together in whorls, but all flower parts are arranged spirally on a floral axis. Per flower, there are many bloom, many stamens and many pistils ( in undefined number ).

At the fruit stand axis are spirally arranged, if fertilization took place, many fruits. Also striking is the follicle, hanging out whose red seeds after ripening on long Samenstielchen from the fruit.

These are very original features.

Toxins, effects and symptoms: Magnolias are considered only slightly toxic, the alkaloid Magnoflorin is mainly found in the bark and wood. Symptoms of toxicity may be skin and mucosal blisters and cramps.

Endangering

The Bournemouth University announced on 4 April 2007, the Red List of Magnoliaceae lead 132 from a total of 245 species as endangered. The main causes of the threat the destruction of the natural habitats of the magnolias for agriculture and their excessive exploitation are considered.

Use

Magnolias are especially appreciated because of their large, showy flowers as ornamental trees. Some species such as Magnolia officinalis are used medicinally in Traditional Chinese medicine or used as food, such as the species Magnolia cylindrica and Magnolia hedyosperma.

In Central Europe cultured species

Cucumber Magnolia (Magnolia acuminata (L.) L.), the yellow-flowered variety: Magnolia acuminata var subcordata ( Spach ) Dandy.

There are numerous Magnolia hybrids that have emerged from horticultural culture. They were read out after desirable features such as habit, flower size and flower color. The result are pink, wine red and yellow flower colors that differ in size and shape of Magnolia × soulangeana.

System

The following description of the systematics of the genus follows Figlar & Nooteboom: Notes on Magnoliaceae IV Blumea 49: 87-100, 2004 The previous genera Magnolia, Manglietia, Michelia, Talauma, Aromadendron, Kmeria, Pachylarnax, Alcimandra were combined into one genus. ; which are all genera of the former extent of the family of the Magnoliaceae, which corresponds to the present subfamily Magnolioideae; so it remains only to prepare two types of species of Liriodendron, so the subfamily Liriodendroideae, outside. The Magnolia are now the only genus in the subfamily Magnolioideae. The genus is divided into three sub-genera, twelve sections and some subsections:

Subgenus Magnolia: Section Magnolia: Neotropics: Evergreen magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.): Southeastern USA
Magnolia guatemalensis Donn.Sm.: Guatemala and Honduras
Magnolia poasana ( Pittier ) Dandy: Costa Rica, Panama
Magnolia schiedeana Schltdl. Eastern Mexico
Magnolia sharpii Meranda: Chiapas in Mexico
Magnolia sororum Seibert: Panama
Magnolia tamaulipana Vazquez: Northeastern Mexico
Swamp magnolia (Magnolia virginiana L.): Southeastern USA
Magnolia yoroconte Dandy: Honduras

Under section Gwillimia: Asia and Borneo: Magnolia albosericea Chun & C. H. Tsoong: Hainan (China )
Magnolia championii Benth. Southern & southeastern China
Magnolia coco ( Lour. ) DC. Southeastern China
Magnolia delavayi Franchet: Yunnan (China)
Magnolia nana Dandy: Vietnam
Magnolia odoratissima Law et Zhou: China Southern
Magnolia persuaveolens Dandy: Borneo
Magnolia phanerophlebia BLChen: southeastern Yunnan (China)
Magnolia pterocarpa Roxb. Nepal, Burma

Magnolia liliifera (L.) Baillon (syn.: M. candollii (Blume ) H. Keng ): Southeast Asia
Magnolia gigantifolia ( Miq. ) Noot. Borneo, Sumatra
Magnolia hodgsonii ( Hook. f & Thom. ) H.Keng: Nepal, Burma
Magnolia lasia Noot. Borneo
Magnolia mariusjacobsia Noot. Borneo
Magnolia sarawakensis ( Agostini ) Noot. Borneo
Magnolia villosa ( Miq. ) H. Keng: Sumatra, Borneo

Under section Talauma: Neotropics: Magnolia allenii Standlschmaus. Panama
Magnolia amazonica Ducke: Brazil
Magnolia arcabucoana ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia boliviana ( M.Nee ) Govaerts: Bolivia
Magnolia caricifragrans ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia cespedesii ( Triana & Planch. ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia chocoensis ( Lozano ): Colombia
Magnolia dixonii ( Little) Govaerts: Ecuador
Magnolia dodecapetala ( Lam.) Govaerts: Lesser Antilles
Magnolia espinalii ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia georgii ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia gilbertoi ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia gloriensis ( Pittier ) Govaerts: Central America
Magnolia hernandezii ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia irwiniana ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Brazil
Magnolia katiorum ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia mexicana DC:. Mexico
Magnolia minor ( Urb. ) Govaerts: Cuba
Magnolia morii ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Panama
Magnolia narinensis ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia neillii ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Ecuador
Magnolia ovata ( A.St. - Hil. ) Spreng. Brazil
Magnolia polyhypsophilla ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia rimachii ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Peru, Ecuador
Magnolia sambuensis ( Pittier ) Govaerts: Colombia, Panama
Magnolia santanderiana ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia sellowiana ( A.St. - Hil. ) Govaerts: Brazil
Magnolia silvioi ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia venezuelensis ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Venezuela
Magnolia virolinensis ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia wolfii ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia

Magnolia argyrothricha ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia calimaensis ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia calophylla ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia cararensis ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia chimantensis Steyermark & Maguire: Venezuela
Magnolia colombiana ( Little) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia guatapensis ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia lenticellata ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia magnifolia ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia mahechae ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia ptaritepuiana Steyermark: Venezuela
Magnolia striatifolia Little: Colombia, Ecuador
Magnolia urraoense ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia
Magnolia yarumalense ( Lozano ) Govaerts: Colombia

Magnolia cubensis Urb. Cuba
Magnolia cacuminoides bites: Cuba
Magnolia cristalensis bites: Cuba
Magnolia domingensis Urb. Haiti
Magnolia emarginata Urb. & Echman: Haiti
Magnolia ekmannii Urb. Haiti
Magnolia hamorii Howard: Dominican Republic
Magnolia pallescens Urban & Ekman: Dominican Republic
Magnolia portoricensis Bello: Puerto Rico
Magnolia splendens Urban: Puerto Rico

Magnolia flower aromatica: Southern China
Magnolia blaoensis ( Gagnep. ) Dandy: Vietnam
Magnolia blumei Prantl ( Manglietia glauca flower): Sumatra, Java
Magnolia calophylloides Figlar & Noot. ( Syn: Manglietia calophylla Dandy ): West Sumatra
Magnolia caveana ( Hook. f & Thoms. ) DCRaju & MPNayer: Assam, northern Burma
Magnolia chevalieri Dandy: Vietnam, Laos
Magnolia conifera Dandy: Southern China, Vietnam
Magnolia dandyi ( Gapnep. ) Dandy: Southern China, Vietnam, Laos
Magnolia decidua Q.Y.Zheng: Jiangxi (China)
Magnolia dolichogyna ( Dandy ex Noot. ) Figlar & Noot. Borneo, Malay Peninsula
Magnolia duclouxii Finet & Gagnep. Viet Nam, southwestern China
Magnolia fordiana ( Oliv. ) Hu ( Syn: Manglietia yuyuanensis ): Vietnam, southern China
Magnolia garrettii Craib: Southwest of China, Vietnam
Magnolia grandis Hu & W.C.Cheng: Yunnan (China)
Magnolia hebecarpa C.Y.Wu & Law: Yunnan (China)
Magnolia hookeri Cubitt & WWSm. Southwestern China, northern Burma
Magnolia insignis ( wall. ) Flower: southern China, Nepal, Burma
Magnolia lanuginosoides Figlar & Noot. ( Manglietia lanuginosa ( Dandy ) Noot. ): Sumatra
Magnolia lucida BLChen & SCYang: Southwest of China
Magnolia megaphylla Hu & WCCheng: Yunnan (China)
Magnolia microtricha Law: Tibet
Magnolia moto Dandy: Southeastern China
Magnolia obovalifolia CYYu & Law: Yunnan (China)
Magnolia ovoidea HTChang & BLChen: Yunnan (China)
Magnolia pachyphylla Chang: Southeastern China
Magnolia phuthoensis Dandy ex Gapnep. Viet Nam
Magnolia rufibarbata Dandy: Vietnam
Magnolia sabahensis ( Dandy ex Noot. ) Figlar & Noot. Borneo
Magnolia szechuanica Hu: Southwest of China
Magnolia utilis Dandy: northern Burma
Magnolia VENTII N.V.Tiep: Yunnan (China)

Magnolia duperreana Pierre: Vietnam, Cambodia
Magnolia kwangsiensis Figlar & Noot. ( Syn: Kmeria septentrionalis Dandy ): Yunnan and Guangxi (China)
Magnolia thailandica Noot. & Chalermglin: Thailand

Under section Rhytidospermum: With three species in Asia and one in the United States: Magnolia obovata Thunb. Japan
Magnolia officinalis Rehd. & Wilson: China
Magnolia rostrata W.W.Smith: Southwest of China
Umbrella magnolia (Magnolia tripetala (L.) L.): Southeastern USA

Magnolia globosa Hook. f & Thoms. Nepal, Burma
Summer Magnolia (Magnolia sieboldii K.Koch ): Korea, eastern China
Magnolia wilsonii ( Finet. & Gagnep. ) Rehder: Southwest of China

Mountain magnolia (Magnolia fraseri Walt. ): Southeastern USA

Moreton Bay Magnolia (Magnolia macrophylla Michx. ): Southeastern United States and eastern Mexico

Section Yulania Under section Yulania: in Asia: Yulan magnolia (Magnolia denudata Desr. ): East of China
Magnolia campbellii Hook. f & Thomson: Himalayan
Magnolia cylindrica Wilson: East of China
Purple magnolia (Magnolia liliiflora Desr. ) ( Syn: Magnolia quinquepeta ( Buchoz ) Dandy ): Central China
Magnolia sprengeri Pampan: Sichuan (China)
Magnolia dawsoniana Rehder & Wilson: Sichuan (China)
Magnolia sargentiana Rehder & Wilson: West of China
Magnolia amoena W.C.Cheng: East of China
Magnolia Biondii Pampan: East of China
Kobushi magnolia (Magnolia kobus DC. ) ( Syn: Magnolia praecocissima Koidz. ): Japan, Korea
Star Magnolia (Magnolia stellata ( Sieb. & Zucc ) Maxim. . ) ( Syn: . Magnolia tomentosa Thunb, Magnolia stellata var kobus ( Sieb. & Zucc ) Blackburn. ): Japan
Magnolia salicifolia ( Sieb. & Zucc. ) Maxim. Japan
Magnolia zenii Cheng: East of China

Cucumber Magnolia (Magnolia acuminata (L.) L.): Eastern North America

Under section Michelia: In Asia: Magnolia × alba ( DC.) Figlar & Noot. A hybrid
Magnolia angustioblonga ( Law & Wu ) Figlar: Southwest of China
Magnolia baillonii Pierre ( Syn: Paramichelia baillonii (Pierre) Hu): Southwest of China, Vietnam
Magnolia banghamii ( Noot. ) Figlar & Noot. Malaysia, Sumatra
Magnolia balansae A.DC.: Southern China, Vietnam
Magnolia braianensis ( Gagnep. ) Figlar: Vietnam
Magnolia cavaleriei ( Finet & Gagnep. ) Figlar: Southern China
Champaca (Magnolia champaca (L.) Pierre ex Baillon ): Southern India, Malay Peninsula, Java.
Magnolia chapensis ( Dandy ) Sima: southern China, northern Vietnam
Magnolia compressa Maxim. Japan, southwestern China
Magnolia coriacea ( HTChang & BLChen ) Figlar: southeastern Yunnan (China)
Magnolia dianica Sima & Figlar ( syn.. Michelia yunnanensis Franch ex Finet & Gapnep. ): Southwest of China
Magnolia doltsopa ( Buch.-Ham ex DC. ). Figlar: Southwest of China, Himalayas
Magnolia elliptilimba ( BLChen & Noot. ) Figlar: Yunnan (China)
Magnolia ernestii Figlar ( syn.. Michelia wilsonii Finet & Gagnep. ): Sichuan (China)
Magnolia figo ( Lour. ) DC. Southeastern China
Magnolia flaviflora ( Law & Wu ) Figlar: Vietnam, southwestern China
Magnolia floribunda ( Finet & Gagnep. ) Figlar: Southern China, Vietnam
Magnolia foveolata ( Merr. ex Dandy ) Figlar: Southern China, Vietnam
Magnolia fujianensis ( QFZheng ) Figlar: Southeastern China
Magnolia fulva ( HTChang & BLChen ) Figlar: Yunnan (China)
Magnolia guangxiensis ( Law & RZZhou ) Sima: Guangxi (China)
Magnolia hypolampra ( Dandy ) Figlar: Southern China, Vietnam
Magnolia ingrata ( BLChen & SCLang ) Figlar: Yunnan (China)
Magnolia jiangxiensis ( HTChang & BLChen ) Figlar: Jiangxi (China)
Magnolia kingii ( Dandy ) Figlar: Bangladesh, Assam
Magnolia koordersiana ( Noot. ) Figlar: Malaysia, western Sumatra
Magnolia lacei ( WWSmith ) Figlar: Southwest of China, Vietnam
Magnolia lanuginosa ( wall. ) Figlar & Noot. ( Syn. Michelia velutina DC. ) Yunnan (China), Nepal
Magnolia leveilleana ( Dandy ) Figlar: Southwest of China
Magnolia macclurei ( Dandy ) Figlar: southern China, northern Vietnam
Magnolia mannii ( King) King: Assam
Magnolia martinii H.Lev. Southeastern China, Vietnam
Magnolia masticata ( Dandy ) Figlar: Yunnan (China), Laos
Magnolia mediocris ( Dandy ) Figlar: Southern China, Vietnam
Magnolia microcarpa ( BLChen & SCYang ) Sima: Southern China
Magnolia microtricha ( Hand. - Mazz. ) Figlar: Yunnan (China)
Magnolia montana ( flower) Figlar & Noot. Malaysia to Borneo
Magnolia nilagirica ( Zenker ) Figlar: Southern India, Sri Lanka
Magnolia oblonga (. Wall. ex Hook f & Thomson) Figlar: Assam
Magnolia odora ( Chun ) Figlar & Noot. Southeastern China, northern Vietnam
Magnolia opipara ( HTChang & BLChen ) Sima: Yunnan (China)
Magnolia philippinensis P.Pharm: Philippines
Magnolia punduana ( Hook. f & Thoms. ) Figlar: Assam
Magnolia rajaniana ( Craib. ) Figlar: Thailand
Magnolia sirindhorniae Noot. & Chalermglin: Thailand
Magnolia sumatrae ( Dandy ) Figlar ( syn. Michelia salicifolia A. Agostini ): West Sumatra
Magnolia scortechinii ( King) Figlar & Noot. Malayan Peninsula, western Sumatra
Magnolia sphaerantha ( CYWu ex ZSYue ) Sima: Southwest of China
Magnolia shiluensis ( Chun & YFWu ) Figlar: Hainan Island
Magnolia subulifera ( Dandy ) Figlar: Vietnam
Magnolia sumatrae ( Dandy ) Figlar & Noot. Malaysia, Sumatra
Magnolia xanthantha ( CYWu ex Law & YFWu ) Figlar: Yunnan (China)

Magnolia platyphylla ( Merr. ) Figlar & Noot. Philippines
Magnolia pubescens ( Merr. ) Figlar & Noot. Philippines
Magnolia tsiampacca (L.) Figlar & Noot. Sumatra, New Guinea, Borneo, Malaysia
Magnolia vrieseana ( Miq. ) Baill. ex Pierre ( Syn: Elmerrillia ovalis ( Miq. ) Dandy ): Sulawesi, Moluccas

Magnolia annamensis Dandy: Vietnam
Magnolia carsonii Dandy ex Noot. Borneo, Celebes
Magnolia cathcartii ( Hook. f & Thoms. ) Noot. ( Syn: Alcimandra cathcartii ): Southwest of China, Burma
Magnolia griffithii King: India, Assam
Magnolia gustavii King: India, Assam
Magnolia macklottii ( Korth. ) Dandy: West Java, Borneo, Sumatra
Magnolia maingayi ( Korth. ) Dandy: West Java, Borneo, Sumatra
Magnolia pealiana King: Assam

Magnolia ashtonii Dandy ex. Noot. Sumatra, Borneo
Magnolia bintuluensis ( Agostini ) Noot. Sumatra, Borneo
Magnolia borneensis Noot. Borneo, Philippines
Magnolia elegans ( flower) Keng: Sumatra, Java
Magnolia pahangensis Noot. Borneo, Philippines

Section Gynopodium: With five species in China and Taiwan: Magnolia kachirachirai ( Kanehira & Yamamoto ) Dandy: Taiwan
Magnolia nitida WWSmith: northwestern Yunnan (China)
Magnolia lotungensis Chun & Tsoon: Southern Yunnan (China)
Magnolia yunnanensis (Hu) Noot. Southeastern Yunnan (China)
Magnolia omeiensis ( Hu & Cheng) Dandy: Sichuan (China)

Magnolia pleiocarpa ( Dandy ) Figlar & Noot. ( Syn: Pachylarnax pleiocarpa Dandy ): Assam
Magnolia praecalva ( Dandy ) Figlar & Noot. ( Syn: Pachylarnax praecalva Dandy ): Vietnam, Malay Peninsula
Magnolia sinica (Law) Noot. ( Syn: Manglietiastrum sinicum Law ): southeastern Yunnan (China)

Symbolic meaning

The magnolia is a national symbol of North Korea, depicted mostly in the form of summer magnolia.

Swell

Yuhu Liu, Nianhe Xia, Liu Yuhu & Hans P. Nooteboom: Magnoliaceae: Magnolia, 61 - text Registered as printed work, In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 7 - Menispermaceae through Capparaceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis in 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-81-8. ( Description section, but not yet systematics systematics of 2008 instead of the 2004 shown here )
Frederick Gustav Meyer: Magnoliaceae: Magnolia - text the same online as printed work, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 3 - Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae, Oxford University Press, New York, among others 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6.

Stereoscopy Maluku Islands

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