Mill (grinding)

A mill ( Old High German muli, from Latin molina or Latin molere for grind ) is a device, a machine or a plant to crush lumpy feed material to a fine or very fine-grained end product. Therefore, it is often out of a crusher to a size separation ( sieving, sifting ) available. At lower requirements for the degree of fineness of the final product crushers are used for crushing.

Historically, the term mill is used in a broader sense for industrial systems that are powered by wind or water power (paper mill, saw mill, stone mill).

Technical operations ( reception, cleaning, grinding, sifting, transport, storage, packaging ) are summarized by the term milling technology. The teaching and research of mills and the Milling Industry ( terminology, technology, ecology, anthropology, economics, history, law, protection, conservation and restoration, as well as their aesthetic values ​​) is called Molinologie

  • 2.1 After the products ( modern classification )
  • 2.2 According to the type of construction (modern classification )
  • 2.3 According to the type of drive (historical division ) 2.3.1 propulsion by muscle force ( human / animal )
  • 2.3.2 Driven by water power
  • 2.3.3 Driven by wind power
  • 2.3.4 drive by the motor,

History of the mill

Even before the transition to producing economy (Neolithic ) include grinding stones for Mesolithic culture. The mortar is also already known later replaced by hand -driven rotary mills. In Roman times, large mills ( gin ) as from Pompeii are known to have been operated by mules. Hydropower has been used since the Roman times. The Roman engineer Vitruvius planned the mills, such as the Charles Mill as a stone mill for cutting marble blocks on the Ruwer near Trier / Mosel. The Karlsmühle applies by Örjan Wikander the oldest mill north of the Alps. The oldest Germanic water mill was discovered in 1993 in Paartal Dasing; it dates from the year 696 AD Another early mill dates from 833 AD; it was excavated in Rotbachtal at Erftstadt low mountain. Wind power has been used since the Middle Ages.

Important people of the mill history

  • Vitruvius ( 1st century BC)
  • Johann Niclas Müller (1689-1732)
  • Oliver Evans (1755-1819)
  • Heinrich Auer (1825-1892)

Classification of mills

After the products ( modern classification )

  • Wire drawing Mill ( historical )
  • Iron Mill ( historical )
  • Ore mill ( historical ), see also: Pochwerk
  • Color Mill (Modern)
  • Flat mill for the production of hemp ( historical )
  • Feed mill (modern)
  • Stone mill (modern)
  • Grain Mill (Modern)
  • Spice mill, such as pepper mill ( modern)
  • Coffee grinder (modern)
  • Bone Mill ( historical )
  • Coal Mill (Modern)
  • Madder Mill ( historical )
  • Chalk Mill ( historical )
  • Ball, Marbel, Marble Mill ( historical )
  • Copper Mill ( historical )
  • Lohmühle ( historical )
  • Massemühle ( historical )
  • Obstmühle (eg apple mill) (modern)
  • Oil mill ( modern)
  • Paper Mill ( historical )
  • Powder mill for the manufacture of gunpowder ( historical )
  • Sawmill ( historical )
  • Sand mill for the production of bars and scouring sand ( historical )
  • Salt Mill (Modern)
  • Grain mill (modern)
  • Scouring mill
  • Grinding Mill ( historical )
  • Snuff Mill ( historical )
  • Water pumping mill or wind pumps for pumping water ( driven by wind power, historically )
  • Silk or silk yarn mill mill ( historical )
  • Mustard Mill ( historical )
  • Stone Mill ( historical )
  • Waidmühle for the production of textile dye ( historical )
  • Fulling mill in cloth production ( historically )
  • Chicory ( historical )
  • Sugar Mill ( historical )

According to the type of construction (modern classification )

  • Asima Mill
  • Hammer mill (technology)
  • Ball mill
  • Millstones ( historical )
  • Mortar Grinder
  • Planetary mill
  • Impact crusher
  • Tube mill
  • Rotor mill
  • Disk Mill
  • Granulator
  • Jet mill
  • Drum mill
  • Vertical mill
  • Rolling mill
  • Roll mill
  • Roller mill
  • Whirlwind Mill
  • Cyclone mill

According to the type of drive (historical division )

Drive by muscle power ( human / animal )

  • Millstone Called rubbing stone, also saddle mill
  • Scouring mill ( scouring mill Jordhamn )
  • Grinding mill

Driven by water power

  • Water mill, depending on the inlet height with upper, medium or unterschlächtigem waterwheel horizontal
  • Vertical

Driven by wind power

  • Windmills Bockwindmühle
  • Paltrockwindmühle
  • Dutch windmill
  • Kokerwindmühle
  • Horizontal mill ( wind)

Drive by the motor,

  • Motor
  • Steam engine
  • Lokomobile

Special

  • Spell mill ( Kameralmühle )
  • Wehr mill

Tourism

  • Westphalian Mills Route - first of its kind in the East-Westphalian district of Minden - Lübbecke, connecting 42 wind, water and horse mills.
  • Mill Street Upper Swabia - 100 mills in Upper Swabia in detail with photos and maps
  • Lower Saxon Mill Road - 301 windmills in Lower Saxony
  • Mühlenwanderweg in the Swabian Forest
  • Numerous mill forms can be found in the " Mill Museum " in Gifhorn ( Lower Saxony).

Events

  • Mill days: German Mill Day: Every year on Whit Monday - nationwide ( list of participants at the German Society for Conservation mill and mill customer DGM).
  • Dutch Mill Day: Every year at Pentecost.
  • Swiss Mill Day: Every year on the Saturday after Ascension (Ascension Day). Directories can be found on the websites of the organizations.
Molinology Quern-stone Ruwer (river) Gschwend Windpump Whirlwind-Mill Amrum Nebel, Germany Integrated Authority File
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