Murano

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Murano, Venetic Muran, is a group of islands northeast of the historical center of Venice. The island in the lagoon is famous for its glass art, but also thrives on tourism and - to a much lesser extent - from fishing.

Its roots date back to late antiquity. In the 5th and 6th centuries, the population grew by refugees from Altinum who sought protection from the Huns and Lombards. End of the 13th century, the glass production was concentrated here, which was conceived at the end of the Venetian Republic in decline. Only in the course of the 19th century there was a revival, which was supported by the municipality. Murano since 1924 belongs only to the city of Venice.

Geography

Murano is 1.1 km north of Cannaregio (part of the historic center of Venice ) and 230 meters north of the cemetery island of San Michele. The total area is 1.17 km ² (or more precisely 1,171,625 m²), with a population of 4,683 (as of August 19, 2009 ). The island group only reaches a height of one meter. However, according to the city of Venice, the area is 1,531,322 m² ./L/IT/IDPagina/36137

The group consists of seven individual islands, which are separated by eight channels from each other and connected by eleven bridges.

The wider Canal Grande di Murano (which is divided from west to east in Canale degli Angeli, Grand Ponte Lungo and Canale San Giovanni) Murano is divided into two sub- groups. For the northern group includes the islands of Sacca Mattia, a little built, artificial island, the main island of San Donato, to S. Teresa and S. Mattia and P. Giacomo and P. Maffio. At the southern group includes the three islands Sacca Serenella, the second artificial island, then San Pietro Martire ( with the Palazzo da Mula ) and S. Chiara e Santo Stefano, where the faro, the lighthouse is located.

Similar to Venice Murano has a number of channels that are spanned by bridges that connect the islands. So spanning the Ponte Ballarin o de Mezo the Rio dei Vetrai, the two bridges Ponte delle Terese and Ponte San Donato Canale San Donato, the Ponte San Martino spans the Rio San Matteo, the two bridges Ponte San Pietro Martire and Ponte Santa Chiara Rio dei Vetrai, Ponte Longo o Vivarini the Grand Canal (also Canale Ponte Longo ), and finally the Ponte del Campo Sportivo the Canale di San Mattia.

The three islands south of the Canal Grande di Murano, namely San Pietro Martire, San Stefano and Sacca Serenella, as well as the western part of the main island of San Donato with the branch church Santa Maria degli Angeli belong to the parish of San Pietro di Murano. The remaining areas belong to the parish of San Donato di Murano.

History

Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages

Even in the Roman Empire existed channels ( fossae ), which, like the fossa Clodia, to Chioggia ranged. They allowed the boats ride Pellestrina Poveglia and Malamocco. So could reach in Paludo and Torcello or Altinum the transport of Ravenna on these waterways to San Pietro di Castello, Murano, San Giacomo. North of Murano were found remains of two sentry from the 3rd and 4th century.

Pottery were found dating from the late 4th to the mid-6th century when today's Museo Vetrario, the Museum of the art of glassmaking. End of the 6th century were refugees from the mainland to Torcello and Murano, but also on other islands. In 600 the island had to contend with the rising water level of the lagoon, in the 7th and 8th centuries used a landfills. As the neighboring Torcello had to be abandoned gradually until the 12th century, attracted many of the residents to Murano.

In the 11th century the salt production played a major role. In the period 1000-1049 alone, there were five of the twelve Fondamenti, the plants for salt production in the lagoon, at Murano.

Glass production

The ancient glass production in the Roman Empire was due to the migration of peoples is an interruption. Presumably on trade with Byzantium, where the expertise was not lost, the technique over Venice came back to Central Europe. Thus Venice can be regarded as the cradle of Central European glassmaking. The oldest document in which a fiolario is mentioned, a certain Domenico, derived from 982

For fire safety reasons in 1295 all furnaces of Venice were moved to this island. Above all, however, this measure was used to preserve the closely guarded secret of glass making. The well-paid glassblowers it was forbidden under penalty of death, to share their knowledge. Nevertheless, the recognition of the resulting patent law in the 15th century was not a foregone conclusion. The glassmakers Giorgio Ballarin stole the inventor of various staining methods and cristallo, Angelo Barovier, some recipes and told his prospective father in law. Ballarin was then one of the most successful glassmakers on Murano. Since the 13th century had the glassmakers statutes were reformed in 1441 and additionally transmitted in vernacular, in the Venetian vernacular. These statutes were called Mariegole.

In the Renaissance, the ornate glass products of the colorless Venetian cristallo developed for the main source of income of the population. Is only a bit of getting; the variety of shapes and patterns reveals itself especially in the illustrations on still life. Despite all attempts by the Republic of Venice, to keep the technique of glass production and glass processing secret, succeeded the late 16th and in the 17th century, some glass blowers to emigrate north of the Alps in the country and to found there glassworks. Were especially crucial the Abwerbeversuche of Louis XIV, who was thus able to fulfill his dream of a hall of mirrors. As the glass à la façon de Venise lived the Venetian style in Germany, the Netherlands and Flanders on, where more extensive collections have been preserved.

The Venetian supremacy in the manufacture of glass was broken by the success of baroque cut glass until the 18th century, as these primarily in Bohemia and Silesia, but increasingly elsewhere Germany-based technology did not dominate the Venetians.

1311 Doge Pietro Gradenigo was buried in the convent church of San Cipriano, which was destroyed in 1837.

Relative independence

In the reorganization of Sestieri in the 1170s Murano was first added to the Santa Croce district. From the late 13th century, the island was under a podestà. No later than 1581, but probably much earlier, the island 's Medals won the right to once a year along the lines of Venetian coins to coin ( the Oselle ), and this hand over their magistrates.

Tourism, revival of glass art, museum

Only with the beginning of tourism in the early 19th century saw a renewed flourishing of Murano. Historicism in Venice, initiated by the establishment of a Glasfachschule on Murano in 1860 and the founding of the Società Salviati & Co. by Antonio Salviati in 1866, tied aware of the glass art of the Renaissance, with its thin-walled wing glasses, thread and network glasses ( Reticella ) again. For the Art Nouveau in millefiori designs, achieved by fused murrine, are the Fratelli Toso. Venetian glass vessels of the 50s and 60s are oriented from color and decor ago on Expressionism. Extremely colorful stripes and geometric op-art designs in vetro pezzato technique typical of the designs of Paolo Venini, Fulvio Bianconi and Ercole Barovier; Ercole Barovier's son Angelo relates in some of his designs specifically to Vasarely. Also monochrome vessels with various specimens ( in vetro sommerso ) by Flavio Poli part of the repertoire of the Venetians of the 20th century.

The thousand-year history of glass production is documented in the Museo del Vetro in Palazzo Giustinian on Murano with vases, mirrors and drinking vessels. One of the three large ceiling chandelier in the entrance is an award-winning work of Fratelli Toso, which was contributed to the opening of the museum in 1854. 1861 initiated Antonio Colleoni ( 1811-1855 ), mayor of the island, and the abbot Vincenzo Zanetti ( 1824-1883 ), setting up a repository to obtain the records of the island and to the public. Vincenzo Zanetti taught right next to the archive a glassmaker a school in which the old techniques were taught. After the island was annexed to Venice, was subordinate to the local museum the Civic Museum Veneziani.

The technique by which the Murano glass is made, only the master glassmakers of Murano.

Today, the streets of the island are characterized by a multitude of shops and glass Murano glass has become a popular collector's item. It is, however, a clear distinction between glass galleries in which the contemporary works of Venetian studio glass artists exhibited and are obtainable, and tourist souvenir shops that sell manufactured glass objects into series production.

Attractions

A widely known church Murano is the Basilica di Santa Maria e San Donato from the 12th century, with its colorful mosaic floor dating back to 1140 and the free-standing square Campanile. She was formerly the cathedral of the Bishop of Torcello and Murano.

The actual input side of the basilica is directed to the order according to the West. They wanted to impress the locals less than the arriving guests, which of course came from the sea, from the East at this oceanfront church. Therefore, this east side of the church, so the choir area, the actual show page. This building with the name " SS ( Santi ) Maria e Donato ", so literally means " The Holy Mary and Donatus ", is one of the oldest in the lagoon. It was built in the 7th century, and later in the 9th and again rebuilt in the 12th century and in 1140 completed in its present form.

Especially the choir area is very representative: with striking white pillars, a two-story arch structure has been built. The first floor of the arcade structure of the ground floor is repeated in the surrounding gallery. Very similar arch forms circulate in several floors the entire show side, either as a walk- gallery or as a window framing or as just -beam arcade sequence.

Famous the interior of the basilica is because of its elaborate floor mosaics from the mid-12th century. The colorful Venice has developed in this area a lot of sense for delicate decoration. The half- dome of the apse area facing the Byzantine model, just as in Torcello mosaic on a golden ground, the solitary figure of Mary.

Due to the flood of 1897 not only a part of the foundation of the built in Roman style church was destroyed, but also the pointed wooden roof.

Except Santa Maria e Donato Murano has another beautiful church, namely, the 1348 built as a monastery church of the Dominicans and renovated after the fire of 1474, 1511 Re-opened Church of San Pietro Martire, which today serves as a Protestant parish church. The former monastery of Santa Maria degli angeli was rebuilt after the secularization to a hospital. Various works of art of the former interior are kept in the Murano Glass Museum.

A monument commemorates the Italian writer Italo Svevo (originally Hector Aron Schmitz; named Ettore Schmitz ), who lived in the years 1898-1916 on Murano, where he led the factory of his parents and underwater colors produced. The monument includes a glass object and a bronze plaque with a quote from Italo Svevo.

One of the last representatives of the Murano formerly frequent Villas is the Palazzo da Mula, which dates back to the 14th century.

Traffic

Murano is easy to reach from Venice by vaporetto. Circolare No. 41 runs from Murano to San Michele, then controls Fondamenta Nove, the Venezia Santa Lucia train station and Piazzale Roma, the Giudecca, S. Zaccaria and then returns via Fondamenta Nove back to Murano. Diretto Murano (DM ), however, controlled by the car park and the train station with five intermediate stops Murano directly.

Sports

Murano has a small stadium with a pitch of 105 x 60 m, which is provided for 250 visitors, and which was built for the local club AC Muranese and some other teams. The AC Muranese was founded in 1929 and went to 80 years in the ASD Laguna di Venezia on.