Musa (genus)

Dessert banana ( Musa paradisiaca × ) ' Cavendish '

The banana ( Musa ) are a genus of flowering plants in the banana family ( Musaceae ) within the monocot plants ( monocots ). The approximately 70 species occur, prior to a kind in Tanzania, all in tropical to subtropical Asia to the western Pacific.

Some species and hybrids form edible fruits are grown to some extent for the production of food of which those of the dessert banana ( Musa paradisiaca × ).

  • 2.1 foods
  • 2.2 textiles
  • 2.3 ornamentals
  • 5.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

Musa species and varieties are evergreen, perennial, herbaceous plants. Underground they have a rhizome, drive from the foothills. The actual shoot axis remains very short time to flowering. The trunk is an existing composed of leaf sheaths, not woody false trunk. He is at least half a meter, but usually three to ten feet high. At the base it may be slightly thickened. The large, simple, ganzrandigen leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The leaf blade is shaped oblong or oblong- elliptical, it reaches a length of two to three meters and a width of 30 to 60 centimeters. Older leaves are often repeatedly demolished down to the midrib.

Inflorescences and flowers

The terminal inflorescence usually depends on, sometimes it is but also upright. He is busy with numerous green, brown or red- purple bracts which fall gradually. Several flowers are located at the bottom of each bract in one or two rows. The hermaphrodite or unisexual flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. At the base of the inflorescence, the flowers are female ( with vestigial stamens) or hermaphrodite, the end of the inflorescence side there are male flowers with five stamens. Five of the six bracts are fused into a tube, which tears open on one side to the bottom.

Infructescences, fruits and seeds

The fruit cluster of bananas is called a " tuft ". A " tufts " can consist of 6 to 20 so-called " hands " are made, which include the individual rows of a clump. The individual fruits belonging to the botanical berries are generally 20 to 35 inches long, and also referred to as "fingers". They are oblong-shaped, usually curved in cross section, slightly edgy. The curvature arises due to the negative geotropism '. Each "hand" of a " tuft " contains about 8 to 20 "fingers".

In wild forms after fertilization in the berry many seeds are formed. In parthenocarpic cultivars are no seeds develop. The seeds are irregularly globose to lenticular.

Sets of chromosomes

Depending on the section, the basic chromosome number is x = 10 or 11 In the wild forms usually diploidy is available. Cultural forms have different ploidy, such as triploidy.

Use

Food

The " flesh " of many varieties of Musa paradisiaca × and other hybrids is edible. Breeding bananas bring it together today to over 1000 crossings and variations.

In addition to the mealy - sweet dessert bananas and cooking bananas are an important food source. Your whitish- yellow flesh that is sweet to slightly sour in taste, is not suitable to be eaten raw. It is both cooked and baked or grilled. Furthermore, " banana flower " or " banana heart " in the Southeast Asian cuisines are used as a vegetable, while banana leaves are often used as a kind of serving tray or flavor -bearing oven and grill shell.

Textiles

The spread in Indonesia fiber banana ( Musa textilis ), called abaca, the so-called Manila fibers of the leaf sheaths are converted into nets, ropes and yarns.

Ornamental plants

Some banana species are varieties worldwide, however, used - because even as a houseplant their size primarily for conservatories. It will be used purely ornamental or crop plants for this purpose. The most famous " hardy " banana is the Japanese fiber banana ( Musa basjoo ); of these several varieties have been bred with improved frost resistance.

Etymology

The word banana came over the banana Portuguese into German. It originally comes from a West African language, probably from the Wolof. It was not until centuries later, the banana got its scientific name, as the botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1753 classified the flora of the world. He called the banana using the Arabic-Persian name موز / mauz for the fruit of Musa paradisiaca ( for plantain ) or Musa sapientium ( for Essbanane ).

System

The genus Musa was erected in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, 2, S. 1043. As Lectotypusart was Musa paradisiaca L. 1763 by Michel Adanson in Familles des plantes, 1st Edition, Volume 2, pp. 525, 580 set.

The genus Musa contains about 50 to 100 species whose classification has seen many changes in recent years. According to Wong et al. In 2002, the genus Musa is divided into three sections Musa, Callimusa and Ingentimusa; they placed the species of section Rhodochlamys in the section Musa and the section Australimusa in Callimusa. Markku Hakkinen presented in 2013 also Ingentimusa Callimusa; thus there are only two sections, for example, in the basic chromosome number x = 11 and x = 10 are different.

The genus Musa is divided into only two section and contains about 70 species and several subspecies and varieties

  • Musa acuminata Colla: Worldwide spread (especially through cultivation )
  • Musa aurantiaca G.Mann ex Baker: It comes from northern Assam before to northern Myanmar.
  • Musa balbisiana Colla: It occurs in tropical and subtropical Asia
  • . Siebold & Zucc Musa basjoo, Japanese Fiber Banana: Occurs in Japan and China.
  • Musa celebica Warblers. ex K.Schum. It occurs only in the northern Sulawesi.
  • Musa cheesmanii NWSimmonds: It occurs only in Assam.
  • Musa chunii Häkkinen: It occurs only in Yunnan.
  • Musa flaviflora NWSimmonds: It grows in the undergrowth of evergreen forests in Assam, Nagaland, Manipur and Meghalaya.
  • Musa griersonii Noltie: It occurs only in southern Bhutan.
  • Musa insularimontana Hayata: This rare endemic species is found only in the southeastern part of the island of Taiwan Lan Yu.
  • Musa itinerans Cheesman: Occurs in southern China and in Vietnam.
  • Musa kattuvazhana KCJacob: It occurs in southern India.
  • Musa lanceolata Warblers. ex K.Schum. It occurs only in Sulawesi.
  • Musa late Cheesman: It comes from Assam ago to northern Thailand.
  • Musa mannii H.Wendl. ex Baker: It occurs only in Assam.
  • Musa nagensium Prain: Occurs in northern India and southwest China.
  • Musa ochracea K.Sheph. It occurs only in Assam.
  • Musa ornata Roxb. Before you comes from the eastern Himalayas to Myanmar.
  • Musa rosea Baker: It occurs only in Cambodia.
  • Musa rubinea Häkkinen & CHTeo: It occurs only in the western Yunnan.
  • Musa rubra Wall. ex short: It comes from Assam to Thailand before.
  • Musa sanguinea Hook.f.: It comes from southeastern Tibet prior to Assam.
  • Musa schizocarpa NWSimmonds: It occurs only in New Guinea.
  • Musa Subba Rao & shankarii Kumari: It occurs only in Andhra Pradesh.
  • Musa siamensis Häkkinen & Rich.H.Wallace: It occurs only in Thailand.
  • Musa sikkimensis short: It comes from Sikkim to Bangladesh before.
  • Musa thomsonii (King ex Baker ) AMCowan & Cowan: It occurs only in Sikkim and the Indian Meghalaya and Northeast India.
  • Musa tomentosa Warblers. ex K.Schum. It occurs only in the northern Sulawesi.
  • Musa tonkinensis RVValmayor et al.: It occurs only in Vietnam.
  • Musa yamiensis CLYeh & JHChen: This endemic species is found only on the island of Taiwan Lan Yu.
  • Musa velutina H.Wendl. & Drude: It is used as an ornamental plant and also called Kenyan banana. The home are the Indian Arunachal Pradesh and Assam and northern Myanmar.
  • Musa yunnanensis Häkkinen & H.Wang: It occurs only in Yunnan.
  • Musa zaifui Häkkinen & H.Wang: It occurs only in Yunnan.
  • Musa arfakiana Argent: It is located in western Papua New Guinea.
  • Musa azizii Häkkinen: It occurs only in Sarawak.
  • Musa barioensis Häkkinen: It occurs only in Sarawak.
  • Musa bauensis Häkkinen & Meekiong: It occurs only in Sarawak.
  • Musa beccarii N.W.Simmonds
  • Musa boman Argent
  • Musa borneensis Becc.
  • Musa bukensis Argent: It occurs only in Papua New Guinea.
  • Musa campestris Becc. It occurs only in Sabah and Sarawak.
  • Musa coccinea Andrews: Your home is Vietnam and the Chinese provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi and Southeastern Yunnan. It is believed that the Chinese populations are extinct. It is used as an ornamental plant and then called Scarlet banana.
  • Musa exotica RVValmayor: It is native to Vietnam, where it is called " Chuoi Rung Hoa Do".
  • Musa fitzalanii F.Muell. It is known only from the Erstaufsammlung in northern Queensland and is considered extinct.
  • Musa gracilis Holttum
  • Musa haekkinenii NSLý & Haev. It is native to Vietnam.
  • Musa hirta Becc.
  • Musa ingens NWSimmonds: It is native to Papua New Guinea.
  • Musa jackeyi W.Hill
  • Musa johnsii Argent
  • Musa juwiniana Meekiong, IPOR & Tawan: It occurs only in Sarawak.
  • Musa lawitiensis Nasution & Supard. It occurs in Borneo
  • Musa lokok Geri & Ng
  • Musa lolodensis Cheesman
  • Musa lutea RVValmayor et al.: It occurs in northern Vietnam.
  • Musa maclayi F.Muell. Mikl. ex - Maclay:
  • Musa monticola M.Hotta ex Argent
  • Musa muluensis M.Hotta
  • Musa paracoccinea A.Z.Liu & D.Z.Li
  • Musa peekelii Lauterb.
  • Musa sakaiana Meekiong, IPOR & Tawan: It occurs only in Sarawak.
  • Musa splendida A.Chev.
  • Musa textilis Née: abaca, banana fiber, abaca. It is native to the Philippines.
  • Musa troglodytarum L.: It is native to Tahiti, New Caledonia and Fiji.
  • Musa tuberculata M.Hotta
  • Musa violascens Ridl.
  • Musa viridis R.V.Valmayor, L.D.Danh & Häkkinen
  • Musa voonii Häkkinen

There are some hybrids, such as:

  • Musa × alinsanaya RVValmayor: It is a hybrid of Musa acuminata subsp. banksii × M. textilis in the Philippines.
  • Musa paradisiaca L. ×, dessert banana: well developed by crossing from Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana, is probably the world's most widely grown species.
Cavendish banana subgroup Zingiberales Botany Juice vesicles Fishing net Conservatory (greenhouse) Digital Object Identifier Agricultural Research Service
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