Natural trumpet

Natural trumpet is the term for Trumpets, which are not provided with valves, butterfly valves (see keyed trumpet ) or intonation balancing holes, and are therefore only able to produce the notes of the harmonic series. For the physics of sound production, see the article cushion whistle.

Natural trumpets are covered in a variety of ancient peoples such as Egyptians, Greeks, Etruscans, Romans, Celts and Germans. In Asia, the instrument was used, including in India, China and Tibet. Typically, natural trumpets were used in ancient times for particular liturgical and military events. Natural horns differ in the tone not of natural trumpets. The distinction between more cylindrical trumpets of more conical horns is out of focus for European instruments from metal and generally unsuitable for Naturtoninstrumenten.

History of natural trumpets in Europe

In the early Middle Ages, the instrument was used in its elongated form mainly for military or court purposes. The art of bending metal tubes, which was known in ancient times was lost at this time and was only in 1400, shortly before the beginning of the modern era, rediscovered. Since that time, natural trumpets usually have a spiral shape.

Design in the 17th and 18th centuries

During this time, the early Baroque, a little sweeping bell (eg Nagel) developed for projecting high baroque bell (eg Haas). A large part preserved instruments of the 17th and 18th centuries are carried out in a design, which was used mainly in German-speaking areas: two identical cylindrical tubes which arcs are connected to the bell by two cylindrical ( 180 degrees). The compounds were plugged in, not soldered, but reinforced by ferrules. One of the arches was connected to a wire through a small hole in the bell. Bell and leadpipe were connected by a cord through a block of wood. At the bell there is a knob, which is, however, not soldered ( it is not recommended to hold the instrument in mind ). In particular, in Nuremberg, which had taken at this time in metalworking Europe a leading position, created famous trumpet works - as Hainlein, marriage, Haas, to name a few. He was educated in Europe courtyards. In England its own design which originated in the design is very different from the German. The tubes are held together by an enlarged, firmly attached to the bell knob. Examples of English instrument maker would Bull, Winkin, Hofmaster. Natural trumpets were voted at that time to set pieces and crooks.

Play

Up to this time, natural trumpets served mainly as a signaling instrument in military use. They began now, however, in the art of music to integrate. The majority of the music at the beginning was elevator music which was played by a trumpet and timpani ensemble. At the beginning of the 17th century, for example, Bendinelli, this was not improvised, later she was completely listed ( for example Charamela Real). Early examples of concert music can be found at Fantini (1600-1675), the various Baletto, Brando, saltarello, Capriccio, Corrente and sonatas wrote. This land is underlaid a partially figured basso continuo. Bach's music has, however, because of their enormous challenges and the partially unorthodox use of wind instruments, to this day a special position in the repertoire. The Clarin game had its final flowering in Vienna, where the recorded sound space has been extended until 24 natural finish ( Trumpet Concerto in D by Michael Haydn ( 1737-1806 ).

The harmonic series is a sequence of sounds which in the mathematical ratio of 1: 2: 3: 4: 5 ... to each other and can be produced on the natural trumpet. This results in the sequence C, c, g, c1, e1, g1, b1 (low), c2, d2, e2, f2 or f k2 ( 11 natural tone hovers between f2 and f k2 ), g2, a2 (low), b2 (low), h2, c3, etc. These natural sounds are formed in the body and with the help of lip vibration transmitted to the instrument.

In the Baroque period, a distinction in the trumpet technique generally two blowing techniques, which at the same time the instrument is divided into two tabs: principal and Clarin bubbles.

A major challenge to a Clarin winds make the 7th, 11th, 13th and 14th of natural clay. These must be driven in the right direction in the musical context from Clarinisten - "Improving the impure sounds ". An important aspect in training for Clarinisten was the articulation of teaching. An early example of this is found in Modo by imperare a sonar la Tromba by Girolamo Fantini. The sounds are provided similar to other wind instruments schools with articulation syllables. Johann Ernst Altenburg: "Some passages have encountered, others will, however, pulled or dragged. While it is not possible to define all the cases where a shrinkage or pulling is required - because the proper application of these different types of presentation must be abzulernen good players and singers as it looking ".

Towards the end of the 18th century begins a rapid change in the trumpet technique. It is increasingly sought for a way to modulation, also wants to tap into the low register of the trumpet melody. This change results in the testing of plug or flap systems ultimately to the valve ( 1815 ). The demonstrated through the cornet mobility meant that trumpets were built shorter. However, until the late 19th century natural trumpets were used in the orchestral literature.

Today, natural trumpets are primarily used for playing music from the Baroque era, especially in the context of historical performance practice. At the Schola Cantorum in Basel since 2001 Jean Francois Madeuf teaches Clarin game.

More natural trumpets

• Buki - Metal Trumpet in Georgia
• Carnyx - Trumpet with Animal Head of the Iron Age Celts
• Chazozra - an Israelite trumpet
• Cornu - a Roman bugle
• Lituus - an Etruscan Horn Instrument
• Lure ( war trumpet) - a Germanic trumpet the Bronze Age, which was used in the cult
• Scheneb - an ancient Egyptian trumpet

• Alphorn - the well-known Swiss national symbol
• Dung - natural trumpets in the Tibetan Buddhist ritual music
• Kakaki - a West African Trumpet
• Kombu - in South India, Shringa in northern India, curved metal trumpets
• Trembita - wooden trumpet in the Carpathians
• Vuvuzela - a South African trumpet
• Waza - trumpet from calabashes of Berta in Sudan and Ethiopia

Swell

• Cesare Bendinelli: Tutta l' arte della Trombetta. 1614
• Girolamo Fantini: Modo by imperare a sonar la Tromba. 1638
• Johann Ernst Altenburg attempt at a guide to heroic musical trumpeters and drummers Art. Hall 1795