Negation
Negation (from Latin: negare = deny ) is rejection, denial or revocation; can be answered in the negative, for example, statements may be rejected as moral values that can be picked up as conventions.
- 3.1 Negation in the sense of philosophical dialectic ( Hegel )
- 3.2 Anthropology 3.2.1 The "miracle of the negation "
- 3.2.2 Man as a living being that can say no
Linguistics
In linguistics, the linguistic negation is studied, for example, the way in which statements are negated as in a language. Depending on the context, as the negation of the word or the phrase (eg, " not " ) are referred to, is denied on the one statement ( "It is not raining " ), or other linguistic category ( " non-swimmers "); or the result of a process of negation, for example, the statement said no; or non-linguistic content of the negated statement or the negated linguistic category.
The opposite of a sentence negation, so an affirmative or affirmative statement is called affirmation.
Logic
In formal logic is usually understood under negation, the sentence negation, ie an operation by which the truth value of a statement is ( a sentence) turned into its opposite; also can use the term " negation " ( a) the linguistic expression of negation ( for example, the negation symbol " ¬" or the phrase " it is not the case that ... " ), ( b ) its meaning, such as the negative truth value function or ( c ) be meant the formed negative decision.
The negation in the two-valued logic
In classical logic, in which exactly two truth values true and false - are considered, the negation is immediately obvious than reversing the truth value into its opposite: if you deny a true statement, the result is a false statement; one denies, however, a false statement, the result is a true statement.
The negation can be expressed by other connectives:
- By the conditional: The expression ( "If p is true, then any contradiction is true") is only true if p is false, and if and only false if p is true;
- By Sheffer operators, NAND and NOR: The expressions p and p NAND NOR p p reverse the truth value of p.
In classical logic negation has, among others, the following properties:
- The double negation of a statement has always the same truth- value as the non- unified statement, ie statements of the form and are always equivalent ( principle of double negation).
- A statement of the form is always true or valid ( law of excluded middle ).
- A statement of the form is always wrong or invalid ( law of contradiction ).
The negation in the three-valued logic
In the three-valued logic, there are two kinds of the negation, the weak and strong. The difference is that the presuppositions are preserved in the strong negation.
Detailed: Strong and weak negation
Negation, negation and assertion
Frege has worked out that it is not useful to distinguish between affirmative and negative judgments. The negation belongs in the sense of Frege for "thoughts" and not to the illocutionary force.
" For every thought, therefore, belongs to him contradictory thought ... "
Philosophy
Negation in the sense of philosophical dialectic ( Hegel )
In the philosophy of negation, the repeal of something by something opposites. (Example: the death as a negation of life. ) The negation creates a different quality. Through the negation of the negation is created again a new quality, which may be very different from the initial state. In this type of negation, time plays a major role. She is a representation of any development. The conception of death is denied, life is born. The living entity develops, is born and dies again. In this case, however, the output state is not reached. In the meantime, the living entity has moved, traded, possibly offspring produced ( thus his genes passed on ) and changed the environment.
In Hegel's dialectic negation is a critical aspect of the antithesis. She is also one of the three aspects of meaning of the term cancellation dar. negation is the critical rejection of a positive philosophical system. Following Hegel, Engels postulated the law of the negation of the negation.
Anthropology
The "miracle of the negation "
In anthropological perspective, negation is considered to be specific for the man and his spirituality sometimes. The judgment is something " paradox " as the combination of two terms is retained even when the negative set can be formulated. " This miracle of a link that states its own abolition, human language differs from all other forms of communication in the animal kingdom: Non-human animals can not deny nor affirm, so do not judge. Thus, there is for them no ` true 'or` false'. "
Man as a living being that can say no
In the philosophical anthropology, the "No - Tell - ability" of the people is considered specifically human such as Max Scheler.
Ethics
In ethics negation means the rejection of moral value.
Art
In art, there are various aspects of negation: How an art direction is replaced by another, thus negating. New methods take the place of the old. " L' art pour l'art " denied the purpose limitation of art.
Whereas before the invention of photography for a long time a detailed realistic representation was the goal in the painting, the painting then moved on abstract, impressionist, expressionist, cubist, and other representations of a reality that was not seen by the camera. Often these art movements also had programs that many rejected so far, seen before.
Dadaism denied the entire hitherto applicable art and mocked them. In Richard Huelsenbeck Dadaist manifesto states: " The word Dada symbolizes the most primitive relationship to surrounding reality, with the Dada enters a new reality in their rights. Life appears as a simultaneous confusion of noises, colors and spiritual rhythms, which is transferred to the Dadaist art unperturbed with all the sensational screams and fevers of its reckless everyday psyche and in its entire brutal reality. "
Art tries to describe reality or trying to negate them, such as the Situationist art movement of the 60s, which negate the work, capitalism, and finally the art itself by transforming into everyday life, so wanted to cancel.
In the form of virtual reality it seeks to replace the reality or to approach her overcome space and time. Even negative material and false color negate the familiar world in the visual field.
The negation of the Tones - - In music, the pause and the silence play a major role. Negation as Destruction: Jimi Hendrix tattered musically the American national anthem and set fire to his guitar. The punk movement negated with their rebellion in all customs and values of the middle-class society.
Ethnology
In celebration and ritual in everyday life is canceled ( negated).