North Germanic languages
- Norwegian ( Bokmål and Nynorsk )
- Swedish
- Faroese
The North Germanic languages ( also Scandinavian or Nordic languages inaccurately called ) comprise the languages Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish. They are a sub-group of the Germanic languages . Approximately 20 million people speak a North Germanic language as their mother tongue.
The North Germanic seceded from around the time of the West Germanic. The surviving through the Old Icelandic Edda is considered archetype of the North Germanic languages and is therefore often equated with Old Norse; but the oldest recorded North Germanic language is the Urnordische.
Mutual relationship of the individual languages
The dialects of the western island or Nordic languages Faroese and Icelandic are close together. The modern Faroese and Icelandic Old Icelandic is similar to the most because it was less subject to influences from other European languages. The Icelanders seek to avoid anglicisms and other non- Nordic loanwords. For West Nordic (but not island northern ) group further includes most Norwegian dialects and in consequence also the therefrom created Nynorsk and Jämtländisch ( Jamska ) and finally Norn was spoken until the 15th century in the Shetland Islands and the Orkney. The last speaker of the Norn died in the 18th century.
Comparatively are still quite similar to the three highly popular Scandinavian languages Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, with the understanding between two speakers of these languages can often be easier depending on the dialect spoken as the different between speakers of dialects of these languages . Some highly divergent variants are sometimes classified as separate languages. In contrast, the use of the written languages in Norway Bokmål and certainly the Riksmål norwegisierte daughter languages of Danish, because they have been " constructed " from the spoken Danish in Norway in the 19th century.
On the Swedish island of Gotland Gotländisch is spoken, except the strong in-house developments has certain Danish, Middle Low German, Baltic and Slavic influences, but is marked due to the dominance of the Swedish in the classroom since 1645 increasingly Swedish. During the medieval Altgutnisch considered as a separate language, it is now generally classified as a Swedish dialect.
On the archipelago of Åland is Swedish in a particular dialect, often called " Åländisch " spoken. However, there are numerous words that appear only on the island group. Some words also come from the Russian from the time of the Russian crew of 1809 until 1917. Åländisch has influences from Norrland and Gutnisch on.
On the south and west coast of Finland Finland Swedish is spoken. This dialect has some Finnish influences, including various Wortentlehnungen.
Historical divisions
O. Bandle, OE Haugen and A. Torp divide the North Germanic individual languages in the different periods of speech as follows.
As a result of the occurring after Christ in the south and east of Scandinavia from 800 monophthongization of Germanic / ei /, / au / and / ey / ~ / øy / to ostskandinavisch / e ː / and / ø ː / distinction is made for the following centuries between Westnordisch and Ostnordisch:
- Westnordisch Old Icelandic
- Old Norse
- Old Danish
- Old Swedish
In the 12th century are in southern Scandinavia, the plosives / p, t, k / after a vowel to / b, d, g / lenited and standing in unstressed position vowels / a, i, o ~ u / to the marble sound / Ǝ / attenuated. At the same time, the inflection in Danish has been radically simplified. All in all, separated themselves so Danish from the other Nordic languages , so that you can make another classification for this time:
- Südnordisch Old Danish
- Old Icelandic
- Old Norse
- Old Swedish
In the late Middle Ages, the individual languages developed quite different. Icelandic and Faroese kept the old language structures with their pronounced flexion largely in, whereas they were now greatly simplified in large parts of the Norwegian and Swedish. From around 1500, therefore, a third division of the North Germanic languages applies:
- Island Nordic languages Icelandic
- Faroese
- Norwegian
- Swedish
These divisions are no genetic pedigrees in the sense of pedigree model. They describe structural similarities between languages a certain period. If change, enlarge or reduce these languages strongly the similarities, so that possibly a new classification is established.
Breakdown
- Icelandic Flámæli
- " Südfjordsdialekt " (south of Skopunarfjørður ) Suðuroy dialect
- Sandoy dialect
- Südstreymoy dialect Tórshavn dialect
- Vágar dialect
- On dialectal level: Westnorwegisch
- Ostnorwegisch
- Nynorsk Høgnorsk
- Riksmål
- Norrländska Hälsningländisch
- Medelpadisch
- Ångermanländisch
- Västerbottnisch
- Lappish Swedish
- Åländisch
- Uppländisch
- Stockholm Swedish
- Mälarenschwedisch
- Västergötländisch
- Östergötländisch
- Småländisch Hochlandsmåländisch
- Ostsmåländisch
- Südsmåländisch
- Skåne ( Skåne ), originally a ostdänischer dialect, but adapted since 1658 increasingly to the Swedish
- Halla Disch ( Halländska ), originally a ostdänischer dialect, but adapted since 1658 increasingly to the Swedish
- Blekingisch ( Blekingska )
- Finland Swedish Österbottenschwedisch
- Rågömål
- Nuckömål
- Danish, Danish kingdom default language ( Rigsdansk ) Ostdänisch ( Østdansk ) Outlandish ( Bornholmsk )
- Zeeland ( Sjællandsk ), the dialect of the island of Zealand Südseeländisch
- Ostseeländisch Gøtudanskt (variety in the Faroe Islands off the school Danish )
- Kreoldänisch ( Danish West Indies, extinct in the 20th century)
- Westfünisch
- Ostfünisch
- Jütisch ( Jysk ) Nordjütisch ( Nørrejysk ) Vendelbomål
- Ostjütisch
- Westjütisch
- Fjoldemål