Ottoman classical music
The Turkish art music ( Türk Sanat Müziği, abbreviated TSM, also: Klasik Türk Mûsikîsi " classical Turkish music," Saray Mûsikîsi " Palace Music " ) is one of two main branches of Turkish music; they must be distinguished from the Turkish folk music ( Türk Halk Müziği ).
Origins and History
The origins of the Turkish art music are at the beginning of the 14th century.
They share their story in six eras:
The Turkish art music is heavily influenced by classical Arabic and Persian music.
Sound system
One big difference between European music and Turkish Art Music is in the division of tones: While in European music only whole and half tones exist, the whole tone of the Turkish art music theory in nine partials (koma ) is broken.
Basic component of Turkish art music is the Makam (such as " key " or " scale "). The G major western music corresponds, for example, about the scale of Rast, G minor, for example, about the of Nihavend. In addition, there are scales that resemble the church modes, and also those that are typical oriental. There are a total of 500 makamlar in Turkish art music. In addition to defining each melodic composition is in a rhythmic pattern ( usul ) bound.
Characteristic of the Turkish art music is also their unanimity, which is realized in practice as heterophony.
Molding
The taksimler are short improvisational pieces before or within the song that can be added to the song by singer or an experienced member of the orchestra. A sung Taksim called gazel. In it, a poem in each makam is presented.
Others, not improvised instrumental forms are peşrev and saz semaîsi.
A performance cycle, consisting of an alternation of instrumental and sung pieces is referred to as Fasıl.
Instruments
In the Turkish music, among other tanbur, oud, kanun and ney be played. The harp Çeng disappeared in the early 18th century.
- The tanbur (also Tambur ) is a known for two thousand years Persian three-stringed long-necked lute.
- The oud is a short-necked lute from the Middle East and forerunner of the European lute.
- The Kanun is the forerunner of the oriental zither.
- The Ney is a flute with a distinctive sound that is used in Persian, Arabic and Turkish music.
The rhythm is very important. The darbuka is a goblet drum from the Arab region. Furthermore, there are kudüm and large and small frame drums ( Def ), sometimes with bells ( Zil ) are occupied.
Furthermore, violins, cellos, double basses, clarinets, and many other instruments are used that can produce the fine partials (koma ) of Turkish classical music (see above under "Sound system ").
Influence on European music
The oriental influence on European music is in the military music, not in the body of rules of the Makam, or the beauty of Taksim.
New instruments in the symphony orchestra
The Military Band of the Ottomans, also called Janitscharenkapelle, spread not only fear and terror in Europe. The new type of music and the unknown instruments triggered a fashion that continues to this day in the symphony orchestras.
The European classical composers of the 18th century were under the influence of Turkish art music, especially in matters of the role of the brass and percussion instruments in the Janitscharenkapellen.
This Turkish fashion led to the use of cymbals, bass drum and bell into the symphony orchestra. Certain compositions from the pen of Joseph Haydn, Mozart or Beethoven owe their origin much Turkish music inspiration. With these instruments, dramatic and exciting acts were sometimes only possible in the compositions.
Influence on the Italian Opera
With the Renaissance of the 16th century as part of the revival of Italian art music was the opera. It flowed Turkish elements in the Italian opera that reverberate to this day.
Influence on Haydn, Beethoven and Mozart
The pleasure of Oriental motifs in music, painting and architecture (see the article Arabesque ) shows how positive the Middle East Europeans appeared when in the 18th century long-distance travel were only researchers and dealers reserved. As a sustainable proved the influence on the music. So well-known musical works such as Haydn's Military Symphony and some of his operas created only to incorporate Turkish instruments to. Turkish instruments were also included in Beethoven's 9th Symphony. Mozart Rondo alla turca wrote his famous. This mimics sent the clanging percussion instruments of a Turkish Janitscharenkapelle. He used some of his operas and Turkish motifs.
Turkish art music today
Turkish classical music is taught only in conservatories. The most respected and oldest conservatories are in Istanbul. The most popular singers of Turkish classical music are the late Hamiyet Yüceses and Safiye Ayla and Müzeyyen Senar ( born 1919). It is also called "Diva of the Republic", because she was (not the Ottoman Empire) of the first star of the Turkish state. Other well-known and popular artists are eg Ahmet Özhan, Zeki Muren ( died 1996), Bülent Ersoy, Muazzez Ersoy, Emel SAYIN, Adnan Şenses, Mustafa Keser and Hüner Coskuner.