Personality type
The theory of types (including personality typology ) tries to categorize people according to their properties.
- 2.1 "Psychological Types " by C. G. Jung
- 2.2 extensions or variations of Jung's theory 2.2.1 Myers -Briggs Type Indicator ( American)
- 2.2.2 Socionics (para scientifically, from the former Soviet Union)
- 3.1 Enneagram
- 3.2 Zodiac (Astrology )
Western- type ancient teachings
The ancient teachings type were usually in conjunction with natural elements.
Empedocles: Four - element theory
Empedocles ( 495-435 BC ) held for people affected by the "four elements " of fire, water, earth and air.
Hippocrates and Galen: four humours theory
Hippocrates (ca. 460-370 BC ) distinguished human physiology and their diseases through several humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, water).
Galen (2nd century AD) wrote the doctrine of humoral pathology reflected in a systematic way and ordered four juices four temperaments. This temperament theory refers to the character traits of a person. The juices and temperaments also correspond to one of the elements.
Aristotle
Aristotle ( 384-322 BC) said the condition of the blood rediscover the temperaments ( in De generatione et corruptione ). The blood could be warm or cold, and dry or wet. These properties arise from the relationships of two elements.
In addition to the four elements there are, according to Aristotle nor a " quinta essentia " ( " Fifth Element " ), the eternal ether, which permeates everything.
The typology is also found in many other parts of his writings, as in the Ethica Nicomachea (1150-1154) and the Ethica Eudemeia.
This recently - scientific approaches and mixed types
Even in the scientific psychology of modern times there have been various theories of types.
"Psychological Types " by C. G. Jung
→ see also: Carl Gustav Jung # Psychological Types
CG Jung (1875-1961) tried to classify people as these various therapies needed by their disparity ( in Psychological Types, 1921).
Jung initially distinguished the people in terms of their basic attitude towards the world in extraverted and introverted. This differentiation Jung calls types of settings. He also makes the distinction into four types, which he regarded as functions of consciousness. These are thinking, feeling, sensing and intuiting. Jung differs according to type of setting and awareness function, ie, there is, for example, the introverted feeling type, the extraverted intuitive type, etc Thus, one can thus distinguish eight types.
Extensions or modifications of Jung's theory
Combining the aspects of Jung different, you get to 16 types.
Myers -Briggs Type Indicator ( American)
→ Main article: Myers -Briggs Type Indicator, Keirsey Temperament Sorter see also
The Myers -Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI ) is a further development of the theory of types guys. There are four dimensions for each two ( arbitrarily combinable ) ways:
Thus there are 24 = 16 types ( for example, ISTJ or INTP, etc ).
We developed a questionnaire for the type indicator, which, however, is only commercially usable and not independently analyzed scientifically. It is advertised for coaching and company personnel or decisions. The benefits of the application is, however, highly controversial.
Socionics (para scientifically, from the former Soviet Union)
Socionics was developed in the 1970s by the Lithuanian Aušra Augustinavičiūtė. It is also based on Jung's theory and is similar to the Myers -Briggs Type Indicator, but is completely independent of it emerged.
The assessment is based more on personal appraisal as on questionnaires (such as the MBTI ).
A special focus in the Socionics is to describe the 16 types, not only individually, but also to analyze the different (pair ) relationships. According to leading Sozioniker some relationships generally run very harmonious, while others are doomed to almost certain to fail.
Ernst Kretschmer
Ernst Kretschmer (1888-1964) classified in its physical constitution theory and characterology four body types. They each have typical traits and tend, in the case of mental illness each at a fixed circumscribed type of psychosis that of the psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) have been described. This body types are the pyknic, athletic, leptosome and dysplastic type. The same basic direction, which shows up in the character structure occurs with the disease in exaggerated form. These correlations are not absolute, but saved in the static sense. Kretschmer's work was groundbreaking, because the concept of endogenous psychoses could be underpinned with them.
Classification based on brain research: Four Quadrant Model
Based on the finding that different areas of the human brain for different tasks and areas of responsibility (see Triune Brain ), developed Ned Herrmann ( 1922-1999 ) his four - quadrant model. Thereafter, each of the four areas stand ( cerebral, limbic, right and left hemisphere ) for a style of thinking and thus a personality type.
DISC types of William Moulton Marston
Marston published his typology in 1928, which he developed from the (subjective) observation behavioral problems children from New York City and a Texas prison inmates. While Marston was a scientist, but has its methodology is not specified and made reference to various forces of nature such as water and gravity. Thus, this typology falls in the border area of science / esoteric. The letters stand for Dominance, Inducement, Submission and Compliance ( German conscientiousness). The special features of D- types include: striving for dominance, determination, fighting spirit, courage and inclination to aggression. This behavior principle compares Marston, among others, the natural force of the water that makes its way, overcoming all sorts of obstacles.
The D-type complementary to the C- type is more introverted prone to anxiety, caution, restraint and shyness. People of this type often strive for harmony and emotional bonds, they feel connected to nature and often believe in higher powers. I- types assume - as well as D- types - say they would be their environment ( intellectually ) superior. Their behavior is characterized by less willingness to fight, but more through seduction and persuasion of others. In general, they are charming and impressive, have a magnetic ( charismatic ) charisma - that are good sellers and self-promoter. Marston compares this attraction and gravitation. Complementary to the I- type is the S- type. The term Submission in English is rendered ( for example, when the German- DISC test) by " continuity ". People of this type tend to follow others willingly; they are generous, kind, obedient, benevolent, prudent and altruistic. Through this behavioral biases they benefit from the strength of their ( complementary ) I- types by ally with them. John G. Geier has developed from these terms the DISC test.
Esoteric teachings type
Enneagram
The Enneagram is the most famous esoteric theory of types. It is based from nine different types ( three each from the field of head, heart and abdominal humans) that are in certain relationships. The Enneagram is aimed at ( spiritual ) growth or tires.
The roots of the Enneagram are in the dark.
Zodiac (Astrology )
Dating back to the early ancient system of astronomical division of the year according to zodiac signs (Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces ) is the basis for a typology of twelve types. In this case, the date of birth determines the type.
The classification can be refined significantly to an almost individual horoscope, for example, by the ascendant.
Astrology has also taken up the four- element theory by beiordnet each sign of the items.
(Remote) Type eastern teachings
Dosha / Ayurveda
This theory divides people into types according to their dosha (vital energy): Vata ( discontinuous ), Pitta ( excessively ) and Kapha ( slow). Again, assignments to find elements.
Based on this, medicine is Ayurveda.
Other
Other type systems are:
- Bioclimatic type of reaction ( K-Typ/W-Typ ) by Manfred Curry ( 1946)
- Factor analysis as an open procedure
- Psycho Anthropology by Ludwig Ferdinand Clauss
- Social types, such as Homo economicus with Eduard Spranger
- Japanese blood type interpretation: Assignment of essentials to blood groups