Phaseolus

Cultural form of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).

The Phaseolus are a plant genus in the family Fabaceae ( Faboideae ) within the legume family ( Fabaceae ). It is one of the genres of Faboideae whose types are called beans, according to the current state of the system differentiates between New World and Old World Vigna beans Phaseolus beans.

Description

Phaseolus species grow as creeping or climbing, rare self upright, annual or perennial herbaceous plants, and very rarely as subshrubs. They are not armed with spines or thorns. The climbing species squirm up counterclockwise. The alternate and spirally on the stem are arranged distributed leaves are petiolate and usually pinnate. There are usually three, rarely one, leaflets available, the leaves are therefore usually in three parts. The flat leaflets are entire. There are two stable Stipules present.

The flowers are in clusters summarized in pendant, composite racemose inflorescences. There are bracts, and bracts present. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic fünfzählig. The five unequal sepals are fused with two cup lips. The upper calyx lip consists of two calyx lobes and the lower calyx lip consists of three calyx lobes. The corollas possess the typical structure of the butterfly flower. There are five petals nailed present, two of which are fused to the shuttle and the others are free. The round flag is not spurred but auriculate and has two differently pronounced depending on the type tag. The wings often follow the spiral of the boat. The narrow boat is a spiral shaped with one to five complete turns. There are ten fertile stamens present. Nine stamens are fused into a tube. The individual upper permanent carpels contain three to many ovules. The to 360 ° curved stylus may be partially hairy.

It formed the legumes. Each fruit contains three to many seeds. The seeds are usually kidney-shaped or oblong. The distribution unit ( diaspore ) is the seed.

Most species of Phaseolus are short-day plants according to their home area or are day-neutral. Only in Phaseolus coccineus and Phaseolus polystachus there are long-day varieties.

Use

Some species are cultivated for food production:

Lima bean, moon bean ( Phaseolus lunatus L.)
Teparybohne (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray )
Runner Bean, kidney-bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.)
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): There are a variety of forms: bush beans, pole bean, kidney bean kidney bean =, Perlbohne, quail bean = Pinto Bean, Black Bean, Kidney Bean.

Since they fix nitrogen ( Rhizobium root nodules ) they are important for soil improvement.

Occurrence

The distribution area originally comprised only the New World between 37 ° N and 30 ° S.

System

The genus Phaseolus still only 50-71 species are counted; previously assigned to about 150 to 200 species in this genus a. Only the New World species belonging to Phaseolus - the Old World species are arranged above all in the genus Vigna. The genus Phaseolus belongs to the subtribe Phaseolinae the tribe Phaseoleae in the subfamily Fabaceae ( Faboideae ) within the legume family ( Fabaceae ). The publication of the genus Phaseolus was made in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, 723 are synonyms for Phaseolus L.: .. . Phasellus Medik, Phaseolos St.Lag, Caracalla 's death, Lipusa Alef, Candelium Medik, Cadelium Medik.. .. , Alepidocalyx Piper, Minkelersia M.Martens & Galeotti, Rudua F.Maek ..

The genus Phaseolus is by G. Lewis, et al, eds: .. Legumes of the world. ( Leg World ), 2005, 428 divided into 15 sections, listed here with all kinds:

Section Acutifolii: With only two types: Teparybohne (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray ): With approximately two varieties.
Phaseolus parvifolius Freytag

Section Bracteati: With only two types: Phaseolus macrolepis Piper
Phaseolus talamancensis Debouck & Torres González

Section Brevilegumeni: With only three ways: Phaseolus campanulatus Freytag & Debouck
Phaseolus oligospermus Piper
Phaseolus tuerckheimii Donn.Sm.

Section Chiapasana, with only one type: Phaseolus chiapasanus Piper

Section Coccinei, with only one type: Runner Bean, scarlet runner beans or runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.): With many varieties.

Section Coriacei: With only three ways: Phaseolus maculatus Scheele: With two subspecies.
Phaseolus reticulatus Freytag & Debouck
Phaseolus venosus Piper

Section Digitati: With five types: Phaseolus albiflorus Freytag & Debouck
Phaseolus albiviolaceus Freytag & Debouck
Phaseolus altimontanus Freytag & Debouck
Phaseolus neglectus F.J.Herm.
Phaseolus trifidus Freytag

Section Falcati: With five types: Phaseolus leptostachyus Benth. With four varieties.
Phaseolus macvaughii A.Delgado
Phaseolus micranthus Hook. & Arn.
Phaseolus opacus Piper
Phaseolus persistentus Freytag & Debouck

Section Minkelersia: With about ten species: Phaseolus amabilis Standlschmaus.
Phaseolus amblyosepalus ( Piper ) C.V.Morton
Phaseolus anisophyllus ( Piper ) Freytag & Debouck
Phaseolus nelsonii Maréchal et al.
Phaseolus parvulus Greene
Phaseolus pauciflorus Sessé & Moc. ex G.Don
Phaseolus perplexus A.Delgado
Phaseolus plagiocylix Harms
Phaseolus pluriflorus Maréchal et al.
Phaseolus tenellus Piper

Section Paniculati: With approximately 16 species: Phaseolus acinaciformis Freytag & Debouck
Phaseolus albinervus Freytag & Debouck
Phaseolus dasycarpus Freytag & Debouck
Phaseolus jaliscanus Piper
Phaseolus juquilensis A.Delgado
Phaseolus longiplacentifer Freytag
Lima bean, Indian bean moon, or moon bean ( Phaseolus lunatus L.)
Phaseolus maculatifolius Freytag & Debouck
Phaseolus marechalii A.Delgado
Phaseolus nodosus Freytag & Debouck
Phaseolus polystachios (L.) Britton et al.: With about four subspecies.
Phaseolus rotundatus Freytag & Debouck
Phaseolus salicifolius Piper
Phaseolus scrobiculatifolius Freytag
Phaseolus sonorensis Standlschmaus.
Phaseolus xolocotzii A.Delgado

Section Pedicellati: With about ten species: Phaseolus esperanzae Seaton
Phaseolus grayanus Wooton & Standlschmaus.
Phaseolus laxiflorus Piper
Phaseolus oaxacanus Rose
Phaseolus pedicellatus Benth.
Phaseolus polymorphus S.Watson: With two varieties.
Phaseolus purpusii Brandegee
Phaseolus pyramidalis Freytag
Phaseolus scabrellus Benth. ex S.Watson
Phaseolus teulensis Freytag

Section Phaseolus: With four ways: Phaseolus albescens McVaugh ex R.Ramirez & A.Delgado
Phaseolus costaricensis Freytag & Debouck
Phaseolus dumosus Macfad.
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): With two varieties.

Section Revolutionary: The only kind: Phaseolus leptophyllus G.Don

Section Rugosi: With only two types: Phaseolus angustissimus A.Gray
Phaseolus filiformis Benth.

Section Xanthotricha: With approximately six types: Phaseolus esquincensis Freytag
Phaseolus gladiolatus Freytag & Debouck
Phaseolus hintonii A.Delgado
Phaseolus magnilobatus Freytag & Debouck
Phaseolus xanthotrichus Piper
Phaseolus zimapanensis A.Delgado

Rosids Agricultural Research Service

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