Phraseme

Under a Phraseologismus ( Latinized form of the Greek word φρασεολογισμός, phraseologismós ) linguistics refers to a deformed to a solid form sequence of lexical units (components).

The importance of such linguistic finished block usually goes beyond the purely literal meaning of their constituents. The terms Phrasem, phraseological word combination, phrase and partly idiom - as " peculiar coinage, phrase or syntactic addition, their total meaning can not be inferred from the individual meanings of the words " - are usually used synonymously with the term Phraseologismus.

The antonym is free word link.

The discipline of linguistics that deals with idioms, phraseology is called. Idioms of historical development are subjected. Present language idioms are easier to understand, whereas historical idioms are more difficult to work out. The sub-discipline of phraseology, which deals with these historical idioms, is called historical phraseology.

2.1 Referential idioms
2.2 Structural idioms
2.3 Communicative phraseological

Features

The three main criteria that are used to describe idioms, are Polylexikalität, strength ( stability) and idiomaticity. Other notable features are a Phraseologismus imagery, imagery, encyclopedias notes, vagueness and expressivity.

Polylexikalität

A Phraseologismus must consist of at least two lexical items. A maximum size does not exist ( they go in their structure, however, beyond record length, they no longer belong to the phraseological stock). In research, we are in disagreement about whether idioms Autosemantika ( meaningful words) must include, or whether a minimum fixed combination of words can be made ( meaningless or weak words) from two Synsemantika.

Strength

The strength (or stability) occurs as a formal, lexical and semantic strength.

Under formal strength is defined as the property of a Phraseologismus, syntactically not to be changeable (eg " possessions " versus " good and Hab " )
Due to the lexical strength of the individual components are not interchangeable as marks (eg "like cat and mouse " versus " like cat and rat " )
The semantic strength indicates that the phraseological expression as a whole has the meaning as opposed to the free movement of importance, where the individual components are carriers of meaning.

In addition, other types of resistance can make that extend the above:

The psycholinguistic strength, which states that idioms like other lexemes in the mental lexicon are fixed, and may be reproduced.
Under pragmatic strength is defined as the property of idioms to be tied to specific situations ( routines).

Strength is a relative criterion, that is to say that idioms can be modified in varying degrees. This happens especially in the oral everyday language in media texts ( eg in advertising language ) and in literary texts (including lyrics ).

Idiomaticity

Under the idiomaticity refers to the semantic reinterpretation of individual components or the entire Phraseologismus. The individual components give their free and importance in favor of a new meaning. The idiomaticity is also a relative characteristic, because it is on the one hand, depending on context and prior knowledge (especially if Unique components occur, ie words that occur in the language of today have no clear meaning more, such as " boobies hawk ", " someone intimidated " ), on the other hand, it is gradually stufbar. For example, there

Full idioms (expression as a whole is reinterpreted, " someone pour pure wine " for example )
Part idioms ( only individual components are reinterpreted, others remain in their literal meaning, such as " stowaway " )
Not idioms or collocations ( the components are not reinterpreted, such as " brush teeth " )

Based classifications of idioms

Referential idioms

Referential idioms refer to objects, events and situations of reality. If they are, these objects, activities or situations call (semantic criterion) and satzgliedwertig ( syntactic criterion ), such as idioms, nominative Phraseologisemen let ' subclassing.

Examples would be Black Gold (referred to the coal object), hit someone over the ear ( refers to the process of fraud ).

After gradually stepped feature of idiomaticity ( explicability the meaning without historical knowledge ) can in turn be three subgroups of the nominative idioms divided, namely

Are not idiomatic collocations ( phrases that are explainable without historical knowledge ),
The Teilidiome and
The ( vollidiomatischen ) idioms, ie phrases that are not explainable without historical knowledge (eg someone a disservice ).

If referential idioms statements about objects, events and states of affairs make (semantic criterion) and satzwertig ( syntactic criterion ), they can be as, prepositional idioms ' subclassified. If these are embedded in a context and only through this course, they are called, fixed phrases ' (eg, the phrase all for naught ). If there is no connection to a context, as they are called topical formulas. These are, for example, proverbs or platitudes.

The improved differentiation between phrase and idiom is to facilitate the following table:

Structural idioms

Structural idioms are function words that make grammatical relations within a language. Examples are either ... or, relating to, or not only ... but also.

Communicative phraseological

Communicative idioms are solid additions, which are used in repetitive actions ( routines) mostly unconsciously.

Examples of situational routine formulas:

Salutation ( Spoken Language ): We 'll talk again!
Salutation (correspondence ): Sincerely
Salutation: Greet God
Salutation: Your Excellency
Congratulations / Thanks: I have no words
Input the formula: In the name of the people

Examples of non- situational routine formulas:

Phrase: ... I'd say ...
Statement: return finally out with it!
Form of oath: I swear in the name ...
Liturgical formula: The Lord be with you!
Magic formula: abracadabra abracadabra
Curse: Kruziwuzi
Proper noun ( onymische idioms ): The Far East

Specific classes

Household word, for example Language is the house of being ( Martin Heidegger)
Twin formulas, for example belongings
Phrases template ( modeling), for example, it is to ... ( maddening, Off - the - skin - driving, milking mice )
Somaticism ( Phraseologismus with names of body parts, organs, fluids ), for example '' ' sb. a helping hand "," wear your heart on your tongue "

Function

Phraseological expressions in texts have mainly stylistic features. So they have a general " higher expressivity ' over non- phraseological what is stylistically suitable for highlighting. " Phraseological Expressions therefore act more strongly to the reader and therefore intensify the statement of the author.

Peter Kühn characterized as phrasemes

" Compact character with whom speak a speaker / writer, predicate and / or illocutionary acts perform or modify and simultaneously express a bunch of other evaluative actions, attitudes, etc. Imagebezeugungen over the non - phraseological equivalents. Idioms are as it were, especially pragmatic ' loaded ' "

So According to hide behind idioms in addition to conventional pragmatic functions further. They are classified as Sand, among others, the following:

Phrasemes were used in Germany in the past, for example, as a sign of belonging to the educated middle class. A particular social group can therefore use special phraseology, to make it clear where she stands in society or even thinks to stand. The idioms are then used as differentiation from other social groups.

Under consideration addressee is understood to both entertain the reader of the text, as well as to structure the text for the reader. Idioms can contribute to both. " Enjoyability is promoted by the use of idiomatic phrasemes and their playful modifications in different contexts and intensities. " Especially the idiomatic idioms thus help to make the text more interesting for the reader. Structuring function have phrasemes if they build on a shared knowledge base with the handset. The often masks the effect of certain idiomatic phrasemes acts, for example, in this way.