Public-access television
An Open channel refers to a radio or television station, make and take responsibility for its citizens program. The open channels belong to the field of citizens' media. In the three federal states of Bremen, Lower Saxony and North Rhine -Westphalia there are Bürgerrundfunk.
- 4.5.1 television
- 4.5.2 Radio
- 4.7.1 television
- 4.7.2 Radio
- 4.10.1 television
- 4.10.2 Radio
- 4.11.1 television
- 4.11.2 radio
- 5.1 television
General
The respective Open Channel provides the necessary infrastructure, production equipment, premises and appropriate educational programs usually free or for a small usage fee or expense contributions to all citizens in the local broadcast area available. The aim of the system of open channels is the broadcasting landscape of public and private broadcasting to supplement a third pillar of media diversity. In Germany, the state media authorities and / or local support clubs are open channels, partially they are of a license fee funded ( The open channels in Hesse, Hamburg and Schleswig -Holstein obtained, for example, each around 1% of the premiums collected by the GEZ license fee).
History
Open channels in Germany arose in connection with the introduction of private commercial broadcasting since 1984 and as a counterpart to it. Starting point of the carried by the Expert Commission Open Channel debate since the late 1970s, the experience with Public Access Channels in the United States. The name Open Channel was taken over by a local non-commercial television channel in Wil ( Switzerland ).
As a grassroots open channels in the 1980s emerged as a result of the "discovery" that media literacy not only means being able to control the TV. Rather, the citizens should know yourself as function broadcast media and contribute with their own programs for diversity of opinion. The quality of the programs, and therefore the social acceptance is very different depending on the broadcasters. Therefore, the structure of the open channels currently is more adapted to the tasks of local reporting and education and training in many German states. The local carrier often get more freedom to structure the broadcast content more and to make an attractive citizen program. In some German states, efforts were made to abolish the open channels and replace them with private-sector training station. So the Open Channel in Saarland in March 2002 was set in the local Hamburg OK was replaced by the the device connected to the Hamburg Media School TIDE GmbH with a radio ( TIDE 96.0 ) and a television ( TIDE TV). The federal states of Baden -Württemberg, Saxony and Bavaria have no open channels.
In Germany there are 63 open channels (12/ 2005), most as Open TV channels and some as open radio channels. 54 Open channels only transmitting a TV program. Seven Open channels offer only radio. To send multiple open channels both a radio and a television program. Depending on the media legal requirements of the countries can be differentiated different OK - carrier constructs. Five state media authorities are immediately carrier and operator of 13 open channels. 50 Open channels are carried by a club.
Abroad, one has, for example, in Luxembourg, Denmark, Australia, South Korea, Brazil, Fiji and Belgium Open Channels.
Beneficiaries user groups
Not everyone of the open channels of Germany is open to all citizens, this is the case only in the open channels in Berlin and Saxony- Anhalt. The open channels in Schleswig -Holstein, Rhineland -Palatinate and Mecklenburg- Vorpommern are only available to users residing in the respective province. In Hesse, the access to residents of the transmission area of the respective OK is limited, the same applies to Thuringia. Rhineland- Palatinate has restricted access to technology to residents of the transmission area of the respective OK after changing the country's media law in 2005. In North Rhine -Westphalia, access should be restricted to the inhabitants of the transmission area, according to legal requirements, but exceptions are allowed in individual open channels. In Bremen, in addition to the residents of the state can also residents of the surrounding Lower Saxon communities in which the program can be received, be accepted as authorized users.
Open channels in Germany
Berlin ( TV and radio)
In Berlin, the Open Channel sends since August 1985. Since May 2009, he operated under the name Alex Open Channel Berlin. Alex is a participatory citizen transmitter of the Berlin -Brandenburg region with open access, which from the Open Channel Berlin ( OKB ) emerged on May 27, 2009. Alex is a tri-media platform that sends both on television and on the radio. On the Internet, Alex is a platform for both media with an extensive library. A live stream is available for both media.
The television program is distributed in parts of the Berlin cable network on the special channel 8. The radio is 92.60 MHz aired since 2003 in addition to the cable frequency in the afternoon on the antenna frequency 97.2 MHz. Alex is an institution of the media authority of Berlin -Brandenburg and is financed by license fees.
Bremen (TV and radio)
The open channels were part of the revision of the country's media law supplemented in 2005 by the properties of a citizen broadcasting and renamed accordingly.
In Bremen, there was 1 April 2008, three Open Channels:
- Bürgerrundfunk Bremen
- Bürgerrundfunk Bremerhaven
- Bürgerrundfunk Bremen area
As part of the reorganization of the civil radio station in the state of Bremen on 1 April 2008 operate these three stations, along with the Bürgerrundfunk Wesermündung Nordenham, under the name:
- Radio Weser.TV
Hamburg ( TV and radio)
The Open Channel in Hamburg was replaced by the non-profit civic and education channel Tide in July 2003. Tide took on 2 April 2004 on the regular broadcasting. It is true that Tide is citizen open, however: When the open channel every citizen had the right to broadcast in their own broadcasting responsibilities. The law took the Hamburg State Media Act of 2 July 2003. Oppositional SPD spoke of a " state sanction against a public broadcasting offer" and criticized, moreover, that both Tide are partially funded as well as its carrier, the Hamburg Media School, from license fees. Broadcast firstfruits also run there in a test program called "Elbe - Seiten Canal ".
Hesse
History of Open Channels in Hesse
In 1990, a year after the founding and establishment of the Hessian State Authority for Commercial Broadcasting (LPR Hessen), the decision-making body employed in several meetings with the question of whether and how Open Channels in Hesse were set up. In the spring of 1991, the conditions were fixed: In the immediate vicinity of the LPR Hessen, which has its headquarters in Kassel, an Open Channel exclusively on television as a three-year temporary pilot project should arise. Based on the experience that would be collected in this project and evaluated the pilot phase on further action would decide after.
With this proviso, the Open Channel Kassel took in now to Kulturbahnhof advanced old main railway station on 1 June 1992 began broadcasting on. A few months earlier he had opened its doors to the beneficial owner of the population in Kassel and seven surrounding communities for advice, information, courses and equipment rental store.
The good results of the offers of the Open Channel - the immense interest of the population - had the result that the assembly of the LPR Hessen Kassel in September 1994, the pilot phase ended and thus the Open Channel declared a permanent institution. At the same time, she decided in 1995 and the following in accordance with existing budgetary resources for other options open channels provide. So Open Channels in Giessen, Offenbach / Frankfurt and Fulda were set up in the aftermath.
With the completed in January 2006 extension to "Media Project Centers Open Channel " LPR Hessen has presented to the public, such as the working areas have shifted in their facilities: In addition to the " Open Channel " called citizens television are over the last few years through a variety of media education offers " media project centers " grown that combine both under one roof:
The local or regional television for everyone and every woman with the task, as many social groups, organizations, institutions and individuals the opportunity - and the necessary support - to give, to produce their own television programs and spread.
The focus offer media education project work accompanied with the objective of providing computer literacy to mostly children, young people and multipliers.
TV
In Hesse there are the following media project centers open channel that broadcast since 2009, nationally in the respective analog or digital cable network:
- Media project center Open Channel Fulda
- Media project center Open Channel casting
- Media project center Open Channel Kassel
- Media project center Open Channel Offenbach / Frankfurt
Radio
The non-commercial local radio stations that are in Hesse since 1997 on the air, differ significantly from private commercial (eg Radio FFH ) and public radio programs (eg hr3 ). Non-commercial local radio stations do not necessarily achieve great handset circles and are therefore not the "mainstream" committed. You just want to take up such issues, which are largely ignored in other media and offer as many different groups in society a public forum. Non-commercial local radio stations, thereby contributing to diversity of opinion in the region.
Radios are financed by membership fees, donations and funding from the LPR Hessen - advertising is banned in the programs.
The LPR Hessen has eight non-commercial local radio stations in Hesse ( free radio ).
- Radar eV - Radio Darmstadt: Darmstadt - 103.4 MHz
- Broadcasting Meissner ( RFM ): Eschwege - 99.7 MHz, hessian Lichtenau - 102.6 MHz, Sontra - 99.4 MHz, Witzenhausen - 96.5 MHz
- Radio X Frankfurt am Main - 91.8 MHz
- Free Radio Kassel ( MCRC ): Kassel - 105.8 MHz
- Unheard Radio Marburg ( RUM ): Marburg - 90.1 MHz
- Radio Rüsselsheim Rüsselsheim - 90.9 MHz
- Radio Rheinwelle 92.5 Wiesbaden - 92.5 MHz
Mecklenburg -Western Pomerania
TV
In Mecklenburg -Western Pomerania there is an open channel on the cable network with an outside studio:
- Outdoor Studio: Television in Schwerin
Radio
In Mecklenburg -Western Pomerania there is an open channel with 2 outdoor studios.
NB- Treff Radio 88.0 ( Neubrandenburg ) supported with external studios in Greifswald with the transmitter radio 98eins by the association "radio 98eins eV" and in Malchin with the shaft Lake Kummerow by the association " dfb eV".
There is also a NKL -like radio station: LOHRO (Rostock)
Lower Saxony
The open channels of Lower Saxony was transferred in April 2002 together with the non-commercial radio stations in the new category Bürgerrundfunk. They include: radioactive - Hameln, EMS Vechte wave - Lingen, City Radio - Göttingen, Radio Okerwelle - Braunschweig, TV38 - Wolfsburg / Braunschweig, h1 - Hannover, Radio ZuSa - Uelzen, Radio Tonkuhle - Hildesheim, osradio 104.8 - Osnabrück, Oldenburg, one - Oldenburg, Ostfriesland radio - Emden, Radio leash Hertz 106.5 - Hannover
North Rhine -Westphalia
TV
Instead of the open channels are available in North Rhine- Westphalia since 2009 the TV station nrwision learning, promoted by LfM NRW. The statewide training and testing channel is developed and operated by the Institute of Journalism at the University of Dortmund - headed by journalism professor and ZDF presenter Michael Steinbrecher. The majority of the program - currently around 80 percent - to control citizens editors and dedicated amateur filmmakers in which partially still produce with the support of former open channels (see below). In addition numerous teaching editors in NRW that have arisen in universities, colleges and vocational colleges, and institutions of professional media training involved.
Nrwision sends Since July 2009, nationwide on digital cable network and via live stream on the Internet. For the first time in the history of the Civil television in NRW combines a platform, all programs, films and contributions from program suppliers from all over North Rhine -Westphalia. In addition to broadcast TV offers the learning transmitter advice and feedback on a student by program editors, who sifts through the complete program that assembles and competes.
North Rhine- Westphalia Rhineland-Palatinate was after the second state in which an open channel on the air went: In 1985, the Open Channel Dortmund launched (later floriantv ). In addition, there were the following stations in the respective cable network:
- Channel 21 ( Bielefeld) (License expired in 2009 )
- Tudorfer cable TV (License expired in 2010 )
- BergTV ( Bergisch Gladbach) (License expired in 2008 )
- Floriantv (Dortmund ) ( No send operation since 1 January 2009)
- OK43 - Open Channel Food ( No send operation since 1 January 2009)
- Open Channel Hamm ( No transmitting operation since November 1, 2008)
- Open Channel Lüdenscheid (License expired in 2008 )
- Open Channel Marl (License expired in 2008 )
- Open Channel Münster ( No send operation since 1 January 2009)
- Open Channel Paderborn ( No send operation since 1 January 2009)
At the suggestion of LfM NRW the NRW Media Commission had decided in 2008, the promotion of open channels in North Rhine -Westphalia to fundamentally change - in favor of the pilot project "Training and testing of television in NRW". This decision was justified by LfM through various points of the so-called " Volpers study," the LfM himself had commissioned. According to the authors, " the development potential of the Civil television to be very low " were. Since the open channels but mainly played a relevant role in the context of media education, the proposal of a national TV station was learning. After a three-year pilot phase, the Media Commission NRW nrwision has transferred as a successful model to control mode.
Instead of simply support the open channels, especially with a base funding, targeted training measures have since been promoted (according to state media law NRW) in the area of community media. Without constant financial basis and own stations license still produce channel 21 in Bielefeld, the education television Marl, open.web.tv in Münster and the Open Channel Lüdenscheid. They rely primarily on donations and project funds and broadcast their programs and contributions since 2009 from nrwision.
Radio
In North Rhine -Westphalia there are no open radio channels, but community radio.
Rhineland -Palatinate ( TV )
Rhineland- Palatinate is the " country of origin" of the open channels. Here alone, there were at times up to 25 devices. The first Open Channel Germany went on 1 January 1984 in Ludwigshafen on the air.
The open channels in Rhineland- Palatinate are usually three supported by three groups: the necessary production and broadcast technology is largely the Regional Center for Media and Communication ( LMK) ready. The municipality leaves usually free spaces and the respective carrier association guaranteed by its ( voluntary ) staff to operate locally.
In Rhineland -Palatinate, the orientation of the open channels by an amendment to the country's media law in April 2005, the two pillars of "Local " and has been changed " education". The link with other regional partners has been strengthened through media literacy networks.
To clean the cable network structures and to increase the reach of the civil broadcasting in Rhineland -Palatinate, at the same time reducing costs several smaller stations were merged into larger cable Islands since 1 June 2007. The digitalization of the Kabalnetze made in 2012 further mergers of transmitters. In this context, the digital distribution has been realized for all Rhineland-Palatinate OK TV. Since all channels will be simulcast (ie digital and analog at the same time ) spread.
The following citizens, broadcasters are in each cable network received:
- OK4 Adenau / Adenauer citizens Channel *
- OK4 Andernach *
- NaheTV ( Bad Kreuznach)
- Open Channel Bitburg *
- Open Channel Idar-Oberstein/Herrstein
- OK KL ( Kaiserslautern)
- Open Channel Kirchheimbolanden
- OK4 Koblenz
- OK TV (Ludwigshafen)
- Open Channel Mainz
- OK4 Neuwied
- OK TV Southwest Palatinate ( Pirmasens / Rodalben / Zweibrücken)
- Open Channel Speyer
- OK54 (Trier, Eifel / Mosel / Saar / Ruwer )
- Open Channel Wittlich
- OK Wine Route
- Open Channel Worms
Note: * = not own cable frequency - Kanalpartagierung with another citizen broadcasters
Saxony -Anhalt ( TV )
In Saxony -Anhalt there are the following open TV channels in the respective cable network:
- Open Channel Stendal
- Open Channel Wernigerode
- WTV ( Wettin )
Schleswig-Holstein
The open channels in Schleswig -Holstein are restructured for reasons of acceptability in the near future and the responsibilities of training and local coverage to be strengthened. Also, a rename of " Open Channel City Name " to "city name TV" or "city name FM " is scheduled for this reason, and has already been implemented in Kiel.
TV
In Schleswig -Holstein there are the following open channels in each cable network:
- Open Channel Flensburg
- Open Channel Kiel ( Kiel under the name TV)
Radio
In Schleswig -Holstein there are the following open channels:
- Open Channel Kiel ( Kiel under the name FM)
- Open Channel Lübeck ( Lübeck under the name FM)
- Open Channel West Coast ( under the name West Coast FM)
Thuringia
TV
In Thuringia there are the following open channels in each cable network:
- Open channel calibration field ( Leinefelde )
- Open Channel Gera ( Gera )
- SRB Open Channel Saalfeld- Rudolstadt ( Saalfeld ) TV only limited
Radio
In Thuringia there is the following open radio channels:
- Wartburg Radio ( Eisenach )
- Radio Funkwerk (Erfurt, Weimar)
- Radio OKJ (Jena)
- Open Channel Nordhausen ( Nordhausen )
- SRB (radio broadcaster) ( Saalfeld ) formerly TV OK
In Thuringia there is next to the open channels or other forms of citizen media, including non-commercial local radio stations ( NKL ). According to state media law NKL exist there, where an open-ended channel radio is present. This is in Erfurt and Weimar the case where Radio FREI Radio and Lotte share the frequency with the Open Channel Radio Funkwerk. Exist between OK and NKL differences but also similarities. In future development is likely to assume that a more NKL the OK to approach than vice versa. While some basic elements are in need of revision in the OK, the NKL is subject to a program order. Thus, and provides an OK a lot more opportunity and freedom than a NKL. This corresponds to the requirements of today's media society much better. This can be compared to detect even in some private but also public service broadcasters. These relate to consumers and recipients always active in the program. He is almost in the role of a user, which in turn corresponds to the basic idea OK.
Open channels in Austria
The initial spark for Open Channels in Austria was part of a symposium as part of the cultural festival "Styrian Autumn" under the title " audience makes program " with Prof. Robert Jungk in 1975. This future developments of the television medium were discussed. Two directions crystallized out of it, a group of artists (Peter Noever, Valie Export, Peter Weibel, Richard Kriesche others) wanted to see the open channels as an art platform and a group that wanted to put the medium of television citizen groups as a communication platform (Group Basic 100 - Dominique Belloir - Verbizh, Rainer Verbizh and Ernst Kopper, the Grazer Peter Hueber, IRMTRAUD and Herbert Prepeluh and Till Simon - Berlin). If one were initially still pursue a common approach - the creation of a free media centers in all state capitals - this effort was not funded by the federal government and the individual pilot projects were finally submitted for funding. Beginning of 1976, the Federal Ministry of Education and the Arts (Minister Fred Sinowatz ) and the Province of Burgenland funding for the project " Local TV Burgenland " for a period of 6 months. In the Matter Burger Cultural Video Studio has been established that each was open (supervisor team Dominique Belloir - Verbizh, Rainer Verbizh, Leo Keller, Gerhard Weiss, IRMTRAUD Prepeluh and Herbert Prepeluh ). After completion of the pilot project in Burgenland moved a part of the working team to Graz, the eight -month project "Local television Styria " with continued funding from the federal government, and additional support from the Government of Styria, the City of Graz and the community Radkersburg could begin. At the same time the non-profit association " video initiative Graz " by Peter Hueber, and Herbert Prepeluh was established, and the project which is accessible for all video studio was opened. Schools, art groups, citizens' groups, marginalized groups, and individuals, this studio was practically around the clock. Contributions were presented in public places and in inns and provided for lively public discussions and for other video productions. The video Graz initiative led in the years 1977-1981 continued the open media studio in Graz; further participatory media projects continued to be implemented with public support and temporary project teams, the project "workers make television" in 1979 Miirzzuschlag and Knittel field (Peter Hueber, Herbert Prepeluh, Hans Kronberger, Sepp Günther Auer and Dick); or the documentation for the First Austrian Writers' Congress in Vienna in 1981 (from Walter Grond ). Peter Hueber was invited to several meetings in 1982-83 to Germany to report on "Workshops Open Channel " at the invitation of the Federal Centre for Political Education in Bonn ( Christian Longolius ) about the experiences of his group. The work of the video initiative Graz were thereby judged as model projects for the German Open Channels.
It was the late seventies believe that Open Channels in Austria can be realized more quickly than in Germany. Compare the work that Garleff Zacharias Langhans prepared on behalf of the Federal Centre for Political Education, Bonn: citizen media Video: A report on alternative media work (Berlin: Volker Spiess, 1977). But the further realization was delayed in Austria.
Although launched in 1984, the video initiative Graz another attempt with an open channel. On behalf of the Federal Ministry for Science and Research was tested in Salzburg " Open Studio: preliminary Open Channel ". The video initiative Graz was her pioneering work with open channels in the sequence due to lack of financial support, however, no longer continue.
1997 started her own initiative, citizens ' residential home TV in Vienna - Alt Erlaa, which has since been operated continuously.
Since 1998, an institution of the Community College of Labour and the city of Linz, television and radio programs are produced in the form of an open channel in the media workshop Linz. The radio shows are broadcast on Radio Upper Austria and FRO, the television program INSIGHT is sent daily in the cable network Liwest on special channel o8 S and changed every 2 weeks.
In January 2000, the Working Group on Open Channels Austria was founded by a group of media scientists to provide information and research and to establish open TV channels in Austria permanently.
In June 2003, the Working Group on Open Channels Austria organized a panel discussion on " The significance Open TV channels for Austria " in the Urania (Vienna). At the events attended by media spokesman of the four parliamentary parties and media experts. The event gave an important impetus for the realization of an open television channel in Vienna.
The panel discussion led in November 2003 establishing the platform Open Channel Vienna, to act as the Association of the production groups and advocacy. About 60 groups were preparing for an open channel editors before Vienna.
In the Upper Austrian town Engerwitzdorf a community station under the name of Colourful television Engerwitzdorf in summer 2004 was launched in the form of an open channel. Initiator is the Telekom Austria.
TV
In Vienna, a community station went by the name Okto on 28 November 2005 on the air. In Linz, launched 22 June 2010 Village TV via DVB- T in the center of Upper Austria as a non-commercial regional stations, and in Salzburg in February 2012, the Free TV FS1.
Open channels in Luxembourg
In Luxembourg, a nationwide TV commercial station exists. Dok, of the cable networks in the country has been on air since 2003 and to be paid airtime, production materials and staff provides each according to request.
Pictures of Public-access television
