Richard Filangieri
Richard ( Riccardo ) Filangieri († 1254-1263 ) was a follower of the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily, Frederick II of Hohenstaufen. As the governor, he also practiced temporarily from the regency in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. His brothers were Marinus Archbishop of Bari, and Lothar Heinrich.
The Crusade of Frederick II (1228-1229)
Richard Filangieri officiated since 1224 in the office of a marshal at the court of the emperor in Sicily. On the occasion of the Crusade of the Emperor, he moved in April 1228 with five hundred knights advance to the Holy Land. The emperor followed him with the main army in June, which Filangieri joined on July 21, again in Limassol, Cyprus. After arriving in Acre Filangieri, Hermann von Salza and Odo of Montbéliard took formal command of the army of crusaders, as this could not be commanded by a standing excommunicated leader. After Jerusalem was won by contract again for Christianity, Filangieri returned in the imperial retinue in June 1229 back to Brindisi.
Emperor Frederick II had back at his departure from the Holy Land he appointed governors, who should govern both in the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Kingdom of Cyprus, whose king was under age, in his name. For the local barons Outremer this represented a number of reasons a violation of their traditional feudal law dar. First, the rightful King of Jerusalem was still underage Conrad, the son of the deceased young Queen Isabella II and the Emperor. The turn saw his rule in Outremer in the guardianship of his legitimate son, but this was a somewhat controversial argument with the barons. For the Emperor was during his crusade in ecclesiastical excommunication and also had himself crowned in Jerusalem in 1229 by his followers. This process could indicate a rule in his own name, without considering the rights of King Conrad. This coronation was not recognized by the barons, the Latin Patriarchate, nor of the papal curia in Rome as a legitimization of any right to rule because of their circumstances.
These discrepancies in his relationship to the ruling circles of the Christian Outremer go unnoticed by Emperor Frederick II, as he does the authority of the barons in their council committee, the Haute Cour ignored. Consequently, the constructed contradictions erupted after the departure of the emperor. Which decreed baroniale The party under the leadership of the influential Johann ( the old ) of Ibelin both in Cyprus and on the mainland for extended possessions, got up instantly against Imperial Regiment. Even at the end of 1229 the imperial regency of Cyprus was sold and transferred the regency for the underage King Henry I. to John of Ibelin.
Governor of Jerusalem
- Main article: Lombard war
In the summer of 1231 Filangieri was appointed by the emperor to the Bailiff of Jerusalem to bring the situation there in order. Equipped with a fleet, accompanied by his brothers, Lothar and Henry, he first sailed to Cyprus, where he was but due to the organized by John of Ibelin island defense failed landing. Then he turned against the mainland, where he was the collection was first granted in Tyre. Then he took immediately to the siege of Beirut, which was one of the possessions of John of Ibelin. The ball of the Haute Cour, after the withdrawal of a fief could only be made with his consent, he ignored it, and so he and the majority of the barons of the land went into enemies, including the previously imperially minded Odo of Montbeliard and Balian of Sidon. Ultimately Filangieri could base his regiment only to the German knights and the Hospitallers with Tyre as a main base, while he had the barons, the Knights Templar, the Latin Patriarchate and the municipality of Acre enemies.
First Filangieri was at the Casal Imbert a victory over the barons under John of Ibelin win on May 2, 1232, however, he failed on June 15, again with an invasion in Cyprus, when he was defeated by John of Ibelin in the Battle of Agridi. Up to April 1233 he was in Kyrenia a siege withstand, then fled the fall of the castle to Tyre. Cyprus was finally lost to the imperial cause. Even on the mainland came the struggle to a virtual standstill, Filangieris sphere was limited in effect to Tyre and Jerusalem, while almost all other Christian territories of baronialen opposition belonged based in Acre. Mediation efforts of the Pope and the Grand Master Hermann von Salza were in vain, as both sides were willing to compromise. Although died in 1236 of old John of Ibelin, but his sons took its leadership position among the barons an equivalent. 1239 ran out of the Emperor Frederick II negotiated with the Ayyubids truce, but initially had no consequences, because the sons of Sultan al - Kamil's fighting amongst themselves. In September 1239 the crusade of King Theobald of Navarre ( crusade of the barons ) reached the Holy Land, but at the Falingieri could exercise no influence, as Theobald turned to the barons in Acre.
After the crusade had ended, in 1241 made his decision to the rule, as the Templars in conjunction with the municipality besieged the Hospitaller castle in the city of Acre. Filangieri saw the opportunity, while helping to bring about the capture of Acre in a relief for the Hospitallers, but failed so to the strong city defense. Shortly after this defeat Filangieri was ordered back by the Emperor to Italy, but he let his brother Lothar back as commander of Tyre. With his departure, however, he suffered when the waves are shipwrecked on the coast of Palestine, and fell into the captivity of the barons. In the spring of 1242 the Emperor Thomas Aquinas appointed as its new governor in Outremer, while Filangieri was sent back in chains at his court.
Shortly thereafter, the young King Conrad reached the age of consent. At a council of the Haute Cour in Acre on June 5, 1243 the barons each appointed by the Emperor reign declared therefore illegitimate. And when they could not take the oath of allegiance Konrad, because this is not personally appeared in his kingdom, the future reign should be determined from the ranks of the Haute Cour. The agreed on the Cypriot king widow Alice of Champagne as the new regent, who himself was a daughter of Queen Isabella I, and the next of kin of King Konrad. Then the Ibelin took on the siege of Tyre, the Lothar Filangieri had to retire in July 1243. Thomas Aquinas went empty-handed to Italy.
This effectively ended the rule of the Hohenstaufen in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, although Konrad and after him his son Conradin further remained the nominal kings of the land. The government was now perceived by the barons of the land in their names until the last Staufer died in 1268.
Punishment, exile, and page breaks
For his failure fell Filangieri and his family annex with Emperor Frederick II in disgrace. He spent the next years in a dungeon until he was released in September 1242 after a petition of Count Raymond VII of Toulouse. In imperial command Filangieri had the Count in 1244 followed by his brother Lothar to Toulouse, where they lived the next few years in exile. In 1249 he was one of the written witness of the will of Count Raymond.
Only after the death of the Emperor Filangieri 1251 could return to southern Italy. He now placed himself at the head of the anti- Hohenstaufen party ( Guelph ) of Naples, where he served as podestà from November 1251 to October 1252. After the city in November 1252 fell under the control of King Conrad, he had to again leave the kingdom. This time he went to the Pope's services and allied with other apostate become the Hohenstaufen barons of Sicily.
His fate is unclear, but no later than 1263 Filangieri had died.