Santuari de Lluc
The Sanctuary of Santa Maria de Lluc ( Castilian Santuario de Santa María de Lluch ), so the full name, is a place of pilgrimage in the mountains of the Serra de Tramuntana in the northwest of the Spanish Balearic island of Mallorca and is considered the spiritual center of the island. The word means Sanctuary " Sanctuary ". It is to be distinguished from Monestir for " monastery", the Sanctuary of Lluc is managed by priests and not inhabited by monks.
In the Sanctuary of Lluc is the patron saint of Mallorca Mare de Deu de Lluc, the revered " Mother of God of Lluc " in the form of a Black Madonna statue, which is of the locals sa Morenita, " the dark-skinned " called. The holy place is one per year, nearly one million visitors, it is the destination of many pilgrims. Since 1974 he is the end of every year on the first Saturday held in August " Güell a Lluc Marxa of a peu ", a common march of thousands of mostly young people from the island's capital Palma to Lluc.
In addition to the Sanctuary is the Jardin Botanico de Lluc, a north-east of the main building followed by small botanical garden. In 2011 lived in the village of Lluc, the Sanctuary together with outbuildings, 41 inhabitants.
Location and description
The Sanctuary of Lluc is located 34 km north-east of Palma ( 48 km road ) at 525 meters above sea level in a valley of the Tramuntana Mountains in the municipality of Escorca. It is surrounded by over 1000 meters high mountains so the southwest of Lluc located Puig de Massanella ( 1364.9 meters), the Puig Tomir ( 1103.6 meters) in the northeast and the Puig Roig ( 1003.1 meters) in the northwest. The building of the Sanctuary are on a torrent, the Torrent de Lluc or Torrent d' albarca. It rises near the sanctuary on the 771 meter high Puig Ferrer east of Lluc. West of the Sanctuary, the stream with the Torrent des Gorg Blau united to the Torrent de Pareis, which opens at the bay of Cala de Sa Calobra into the Mediterranean. The Sanctuary of Lluc is located on the GR 221, which parts of this path be upgraded to a pilgrim's path; the refugi de Son Amer serves as hiking accommodation in the resort.
The main building of the Sanctuary consists of several wings, where a secondary school with boarding school, a museum, a hostel, the municipality of Escorca and the Sanctuary are housed. The Renaissance building of 1691 completed Church of Lluc, the Església de Llluc, since 1962 bears the honorary title of Basilica de Lluc. From the type of church a cross basilica her floor plan has the form of a Latin cross. It has a central nave with a barrel vault and three chapels on either side. The center of the cross dominates a richly decorated and adorned with the paintings of the twelve apostles dome with attached lantern, can penetrate into the daylight. As an additional light source, the rosette is above the main portal of the church, which is internally bordered on both sides by organ pipes.
The sheets and cornices of the building are made of stone, which has been obtained in the vicinity of Santuaris. The nave of the church has a length of 28.28 meters and 6.70 meters wide. At the transept of the church, the width is 13.45 meters. The interior together with the choir is equipped with golden ornamentation in the Baroque style. On the left side on the walls of the transept there are paintings of Saint Francis and Saint Sebastian. Towards you on the right side hang the portraits of Santa Catalina Tomás and of Saint Teresa de Jesús. In the center of the ornate gold altar is the product derived from Mestre Jaume Blanquer painting of Our Lady of Lluc. Above the altar is arcuately a saying from Psalm 87 of the Book of Psalms: FVNDAMENTA EIVS IN MONTIBVS SANCTIS - "Her foundations are upon the holy hills ".
In one of the rear side chapels of the Sanctuary is the statue of Mare de Deu de Lluc. The Black Madonna is raised on a pedestal in a decorated niche behind the main altar of the church. It is surrounded by a small altar, which is embedded within a circular arc of the partition to the longhouse, the main church. The chapel can accommodate the prayers of the pilgrims, without the Madonna can be touched. The Gothic statue of the Virgin Mary of dark stone holding the infant Jesus in her left arm and points with her right hand on the child's character. The child is the replica of an open book placed in his arms, on the sides of the forward-facing engraved the large letter " A" and " Ω " for " alpha" and " omega ", the symbols of Jesus Christ as the first and the last, are. Alpha and Omega are the first and last letter of the Greek alphabet.
The Sanctuary of Lluc is known in addition to its function as a place of pilgrimage by his boys' choir " els Blauets ", the cross-regional fame has acquired and occurs regularly there. It is composed of students of the boarding school Collegi de Lluc, high school or college of the Sanctuary, which also includes a historical archive is connected. The Museum of the Sanctuary of Lluc the first floor of the main building houses alongside a native of donations treasure of the Mare de Deu a collection of artefacts from the period of Talaiotikums, liturgical objects, religious and other Mallorcan robes and garments, ceramics, medieval and modern religious portraits as well as paintings from the 18th and 19th centuries. Worth mentioning is a gift of his own works of 1912 born and since 1940 living in Valldemossa Josep Coll i Bardolet to the museum from his personal collection. For the settlement of Lluc also includes various tourist facilities. So 129 guest rooms and apartments of today Hostatgeria were in the former cells Hostel for pilgrims, the Celles, furnished. Near the source sa Font Coberta southeast of the building of the Santuaris there is a camp.
A little above the western outer wall of the main building of the Sanctuary of Lluc an artistic multi - sundial is mounted on a slab of rock, which represents five dials on a three-part vertical plate with dimensions of 3.20 x 1.80 meters. In addition to three normal sundials for the true local or solar time on the middle panel and the Central European Time or Central European Summer Time on the right side of the plate located on the bottom left a sundial to show the Babylonian hours and about a kanoniale sundial with a historical hours count for indicating the times of prayer for monks and pilgrims. The inscription is written in Majorcan language, the Year at the bottom of the central panel as ANY MCMXCI - called " 1991 ". The multiple sundial was constructed by Professor Rafael Soler Gayá from Palma and engraved in a workshop in the southeast of Majorca Santanyi on tablets of art sandstone.
Legend
The founding legend of Lluc tells of a Moorish shepherd boy named Lluc (Catalan for " Luke " ), whose parents had converted to Christianity. This is shortly after the Christian reconquest of Mallorca found on a Saturday afternoon between the rocks on the bank of the creek behind the present sacristy of the Sanctuary of Lluc which there worshiped dark statue of Mare de Deu de Lluc ( " Our Lady of Lluc " ) in 1229. The figure was placed on the same day in the parish church of Escorca, the chapel of Sant Pere d' Escorca.
However, when the inhabitants of the area the next morning came together to worship the statue of the Madonna, she was gone. They were discovered at the site of their original locality on the bank of the stream, and brought them again to the chapel of Escorca. The next day repeated the incident, after which the priest of Escorca decided to erect the statue of the Virgin Mary at said location a small chapel, to give the Sanctuary of Santa Maria de Lluc people the opportunity, the Mare de Deu de Lluc to worship here.
History
It is believed that in prehistoric times there was a shrine at the site of the Sanctuary of Lluc. So the name Lluc is derived by some historians from the Latin word lucus for "( sacred ) grove ". In the vicinity of the Sanctuary there are grave caves from the time of Talaiotikum, an era before the inclusion of Mallorca in the Roman Empire in 123 BC The grave caves at Lluc, how to visit the Cometa des Morts, from the artefacts in the museum of Santuaris are, BC are dated to the 4th century. In the era of Muslim rule over Mallorca (902-1229) is the place to have been called Al- Luc, written sources from the period of the Catalan conquest of the island in the 13th century referred to him as Luc.
The first chapel of the Sanctuary of Lluc was created in 1230, one year after the conquest of the island by James I, King of Aragon. In 1260, she left the king on the Augustinian hermitage of Mare de Deu de Lluc expand. One of the first documents that mention the old chapel of Santa Maria de Lluc is the Testament of the Knight Valenti de Ses Torres on 31 October in 1268. A further document of 1273 which already at that time great numbers of pilgrims is demonstrated that despite the at this time dangerous path the Shrine of Our Lady of Lluc visited. End of the 14th century, the Inca road from Lluc were expanded and built seven stone monuments of the Virgin Mary. The stelae, only two of which have survived, one of them in the museum of the Sanctuary of Lluc, were created by Llorenç Tosquella and painted by Pere MERCOL.
The ever-increasing popularity of the cult of the Holy Mary of Lluc demanded in the 15th century after legal changes in the management of the Sanctuary, which has since been led by a college of priests. After the Majorcan nobleman Tomás de Tomás had used for the construction of a seminary in Lluc, walked Pope Calixtus III. the Església de Lluc 1456 into a collegiate church. During the priory of Monsignor Gabriel Vaquer in Lluc one issued in 1526 statutes, which were confirmed by Pope Clement VII in the Bull Pastoralis officii of 1531. The most important statute was the obligation to celebrate morning trade fairs dedicated to the Virgin Mary, sung by a choir of six young boys. The origins of this choir roots in the 13th century, the actual founding is dated around 1450. Because of the blue color of their cassocks bear the choirboys until today the name Blauets els, " the Blues ".
In the Middle Ages the original, discovered by the legend in the 13th century statue of the Mare de Deu de Lluc disappeared. The now revered in Lluc statue of the Black Madonna in Flemish- Gothic style, dates from 1520 and was acquired by Joan Amer, a Majorcan traders and "Protector " ( protector and promoter ) of the Sanctuary, in Belgium, in order to give it to the Church of Lluc. Also in the 16th century in 1586 popularly known as " Porxets ", " arcade - houses," said the building of the Sanctuary of Lluc were built for the pilgrims and their horses. Three years later in 1589 the star-shaped Renaissance fountain at the entrance of the main building on the Plaça dels Pelegrins, the " pilgrim place," as potions for the animals. The other side of the square near the gatehouses is dominated by the Gothic pillars that once stood on the road to Inca.
The present church of Església de Lluc in the Renaissance style was begun in 1622 and completed with the completion of the facade in 1691. The high altar of the Sanctuary of Lluc was inaugurated in 1684. The altar wall, painted by Jaume Mestre Blanquer, however, already comes from 1629th The altarpiece, the Mare de Deu de Lluc is, whose statue is placed in the central niche of one of the side chapels behind the main altar.
In 1707 the Church of King Charles III. , Archduke of Austria was awarded the title of " Royal Chapel ". The hostel Lluc originated in the early 19th century. On August 10, 1884, the statue was given the honor, on behalf of Pope Leo XIII. to be crowned by the Bishop of Mallorca, Jaume Mateu. The ceremony was attended by approximately 12,000 pilgrims. In addition to the crown originally simple toy was equipped with precious stones and added to the Child Jesus in the arms of Madonna, a book in his hand.
Since 1891, the Sanctuary is managed by the Order of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart of Jesus ( emissions trading agent Sagrats Cors ). The handover of the Priory of Lluc to the founder of the Order of Majorcan branch, Father Joaquim Rosselló i Ferrá, by Bishop Jacint Maria Cervera was finally confirmed by the bishop who succeeded him Pere Joan Campins, with the approval of the Holy See in 1910. A monument in the Jardin de la Magnolia, the "Magnolia Garden ", reminiscent of the first prior of the missionary order in the sanctuary of Lluc, Joaquim Rosselló. Inspired by the architect Antoni Gaudí in 1909 five groups of sculptures were designed by Joan Rubió i Bellver and Guillem Pure representing the fifteen mysteries of the Rosary and by 1913 completed the Cami dels Misteris, the Mysterienweg, decorate the hill of Pujol de la Trobada. The included bronze reliefs by the sculptor Josep Llimona come i Bruguera.
The interior of the Església de Lluc, was also expanded in the early 20th century after suggestions by Antoni Gaudí, in the style of Neo-Baroque, where you leaned at the design of the church building to the existing chancel (choir or presbytery ). Once the work is consecrated Bishop Pere - Joan Campins the church on July 17, 1914 a new. The bishop, a supporter of the Sanctuary of Lluc, in 1920 a memorial at the main entrance of the Sanctuary. In 1925, we renewed the facade of the church, with the exception of the portal from the 17th century. Finally, the Sanctuary of Lluc 1962 by Pope John XXIII. the honorary title awarded to a minor basilica.
Eight years earlier, in 1954, the Museum of the Sanctuary of Lluc was opened. In 1956, we began with the installation of a botanical garden next to the buildings of the sanctuary. Initiator was born in 1930 Esporles brother of former trade missions Sagrats Cors Macia Ripoll, supported by some former members of the choir of Blauets. Further information on the history of the Sanctuary of Santa Maria de Lluc are Arxiu del Collegi de Lluc (ACL ), the historical archive to learn which is the boarding school Collegi de Lluc connected. Here are kept more than 500 scrolls and about 5000 works on the history of the place. The oldest document dates back to 1244.