Scleranthus

One-year skein ( Scleranthus annuus )

The skein or ball of herbs ( Scleranthus ) are a genus of flowering plants in the Caryophyllaceae family ( Caryophyllaceae ). For the derivation of the German trivial name is to say that in German slang, a " ball " a small (up to fist-sized ) bales of rolled threads. The approximately twelve species are widely distributed in Eurasia, North Africa and Australasia.

  • 3.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

The Scleranthus species and subspecies grow as one-, two-year and perennial herbaceous plants or dwarf shrubs. The tap roots are thin. The terete stems are erect to decumbent and branched. The constantly against the stem arranged leaves are sessile, and grow together in pairs at their base. The simple leaf blades are narrow subulate to linear, not succulent, einnervig with acute or obtuse upper end. Stipules absent.

Generative features

In a terminal or pendent, zymösen inflorescences many flowers are loosely up tight. The opposite, deciduous leaf-like bracts are fused in pairs. It is more than a short pedicel available.

The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and fünfzählig double perianth. The flower cup ( hypanthium ) is jug -shaped and continue abruptly at its base. The five free, green to greenish, herbaceous sepals are lanceolate to subulate, with a length of 1.5 to 4 mm and have a whitish, trockenhäutigen edge and a pointed to blunt upper end. Petals absent. The two to ten free stamens are inserted on the edge of the flower cup. It may be fertile or five to eight are converted to staminodes all stamens. At the base of the stamens a nectar production Diskus is available. Two carpels are fused into a semi- inferior ovary, ie sepals and stamens are perigynous. The two free pen each in a capitate, papillary scarring.

The one-seeded fruit is enclosed by Roehrig slightly to strongly ridged flower cups, topped by tough sepals, and together the egg-shaped " utricle ", which remains closed at maturity and thus represents the diaspore. The seeds are yellow and spherical.

The basic chromosome number is x = usually 11, rarely 12

Systematics and distribution

The first publication of the genus Scleranthus was in 1753 by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, 1, p 406; in the heading for the misspelling of " Schleranthus " was used. Type species is Scleranthus annuus L. A synonym for Scleranthus L. Mniarum JRForst. & G.Forst. The genus belongs to the tribe Scleranthus Sclerantheae in the subfamily Alsinoideae within the family Caryophyllaceae. The botanical genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek scléranthe: σκληρός skleros for " hard" and ἄνθος anthos for " flower " or " flower " and refers to the inflorescence.

The genus comprises Scleranthus ( ten to ) approximately twelve (up to 17 ) species. About three species of Annual Hank ( Scleranthus annuus ), the Enduring ball ( Scleranthus perennis ) and the pastures Snarl ( Scleranthus polycarpos ), each with several sub-species are native to the temperate areas of Europe and the Mediterranean. Of the other eight species in Australasia occur initially. In Australia, three to four species are of course home, plus two neophytes. Individual species in many areas of the world, for example in North America, neophytes.

There are 10-17 Scleranthus types:

  • Scleranthus aetnensis Strobl ( Syn: Scleranthus annuus subsp aetnensis ( Strobl ) Pignatti. ): It occurs only in Sicily and Malta.
  • One-year ball, ball Yearling herb ( Scleranthus annuus L., Syn: Scleranthus comosus Dumort, Scleranthus divaricatus Dumort, Scleranthus venustus Strobl. . ): It contains about three subspecies: Scleranthus annuus L. subsp. annuus: It is of course common in Europe, West Asia and North Africa and in many parts of the world a neophyte.
  • Scleranthus annuus subsp. collinus Smejkal: It occurs only in Spain, Mallorca and Croatia.
  • Scleranthus annuus subsp. ruscinonensis ( Gillot & H.J.Coste ) P.D.Sell
  • Scleranthus perennis subsp. burnatii ( Briq. ) PDSell ( Syn: Scleranthus burnatii Briq. )
  • Scleranthus perennis subsp. dichotomus ( Schur ) Nyman
  • Scleranthus perennis subsp. marginatus ( Guss. ) Nyman
  • Scleranthus perennis L. subsp. perennis: It is of course common in Central Europe and Western Asia and in North America is a neophyte.
  • Scleranthus perennis subsp. polycnemoides ( Willk. & Costa) Font Quer ( Syn: Scleranthus polycnemoides Willk & Costa. )
  • Scleranthus perennis subsp. vulcanicus ( Strobl ) Beg.

Also some natural hybrids have been described ( selection):

  • Scleranthus × intermedius putty. ( Scleranthus annuus × Scleranthus perennis): In Europe, these hybrids are repeatedly formed, they have ten reduced, sterile stamens.
  • Scleranthus × podperae Smejkal ( Scleranthus perennis × Scleranthus polycarpos )
  • Scleranthus perennis × Scleranthus uncinatus

Swell

  • John W. Thieret & Richard K. Rabeler: Scleranthus - text the same online as printed work, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico, Volume 5 - Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 2 Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2005. ISBN 0-19-522211-3 (Sections Description, distribution and systematics)
  • RD Smissen & Phil J. Garnock -Jones: Relationships, classification and evolution of Scleranthus ( Caryophyllaceae ) as inferred from analysis of morphological characters, In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 140, 2002, pp. 15-29.
  • RD Smissen, Phil J. Garnock -Jones, GK Chambers: Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences Suggests a Pliocene origin for the bipolar distribution of Scleranthus ( Caryophyllaceae ), In: Australian Systematic Botany, 16, 2003, pp. 301-315: Full Text PDF file. (Section Description, distribution and systematics)
  • A. Doust entry in New South Wales Flora Online. (Section Description, distribution and systematics)
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