Shake (shingle)
Shingles are a product for roofing, regionally and for facade cladding.
Shingles are originally made of wood, hence wooden shingles. Colloquially similarly shaped and accordingly used products made of aluminum, asphalt, granite, fiber cement, copper, stone, slate or clay are also considered, shingles called ' - technically they are now called tiles or roof stone when they are used for roofing and cladding panel, if they the wall formwork serve. The wood shingles of the roof is one of the soft roofs that said replacement materials to the hard roofs.
- 3.1 gap shingle
- 3.2 Sägeschindel board and shingle
- 3.3 Wood and durability
- 4.1 coulter shingle roof
- 4.2 Legschindeldach
Etymology
From the Latin language comes the German loanword scindula, shingle ' to scindere, split '. From a Bible translation of Ulfilas to Visigoth ( mid 4th century ) comes from a document called Skalja, shingle ' ( Old-norse skilja, columns, separate ') for a with skildus ( Gothic name for Brett ') thatched roof.
History
Shingles are an ancient form of roofing. Excavations showed that the man even thousands of years ago - used as a building material wood - used to put up tents and huts. By means of tree bark ( birch, spruce, etc.), skins, clay, sticks, straw and reed he shielded roofs and walls of dwellings against wind and cold from scaly laid out on the roof so that water could not penetrate into the interior.
In the Vorantike were - depending on the region - flat stone slabs or wood shingles used. The wood shingle is used in all the northern and middle latitudes of the Old World, but a special case East Asia, where there is a perfectly suitable for roofing natural material available with the bamboo. There was also fired clay shingles ( which is about the Romans called scandula, today meaning they are plain tiles ). Because of its good cleavage and durability shingles were made from slate. Tiles and façade panels made of these materials such as bitumen, cement fiber ( Eternit ) and aluminum ones have largely replaced the wooden shingles in the 20th century, in the context of sustainable construction and modern wooden architecture experienced this but again increased use.
Antiquity
An example from the Iron Age is the mansion of the Heuneburg at Hundersingen (Baden- Württemberg). The shingles were then attached some with wooden nails, partly tied with leather straps. The previously oldest shingle was found in the excavations of the moated castle in Bad Buchau Buchau (Baden- Württemberg), a 3000 year old (about 950 BC) split oak shingle, which was preserved in the bog. At about the same time ( Switzerland ) divided silver fir shingles were used in train - swamp. In a project funded by the European Union project is a part of the plant was reconstructed in recent years.
Roman Times
Cornelius Nepos assured that Rome was 470 years long covered up until the time of King Pyrrhus ( 275 BC) with shingles - at least one different city parts by forests names. Already Pliny and Tacitus reported shingle-roofed wooden houses Germanic peoples. In the Roman fort hall castle in Hesse a padding or shingle hoe and round oak decorative shingles have been found during excavations.
Middle Ages
Until the early Middle Ages, the wood shingle was the most common roofing material in almost all of Europe. Up to the time of the Carolingian shingle roofs were common practice even in making buildings. In simple houses and in treeless areas fell back on locally available materials such as reed ( reed). Some medieval churches - especially in southern Europe - were with flat stone slabs (French: roofing stones ) covered. In the far north protect artfully laid wooden shingles for centuries built with carpentry skills stave churches.
Modern Times
Even in the 18th century were soft roof in Germany the vast roof form. One reason for the decline of the shingle roof was the risk of fire. In the growing cities arose because of inadequate unloading facilities and close development more frequently large fires. This led regional prohibiting the shingle roof. Also, due to the shortage of wood the Little Ice Age, the shingle roof became more and more displaced by the brick and slate.
Importance today
In forested and upland areas, the shingle roof in solitary living and farmhouses has held until today, the regional Wandschindelung has remained prevalent (Vorarlberg, Western Switzerland). The Legschindeldach is still widespread in the Alps because of its special charisma. Around 1987 were suspected to 10,000 shingle roofs as in South Tyrol. Nevertheless, the traditional shingle roof was largely relegated during the 20th century in the area of churches and museums.
Since the 1980s, is through policies that seek to ecology and sustainability, as Holzverschindelung used more again also through the introduction of machine- produced shingles and the use of non-European, especially resistant timber. In addition, an architectural movement is noticeable, the New Alpine architecture is called, and to combine the insights of construction and materials research and modern design with the architectural styles traditionally established investigated. This win in particular the timber in importance again.
In the storms, coastal areas, the wood shingle has proven to churches and windmills.
Manufacture, forms and materials
The original form, the Legschindeln were weighted with stones, shingles today are basically nailed. Shingles are only covered, in the Ore Mountains and the Bohemian Forest are also Nutschindeln in use.
There are two shingle types, which differ in their production: the saw - or board - and the gap shingle.
Gap shingle
Through the columns of the natural grain structure of the timber is not destroyed, making it more durable than the split shingle a sawed.
Gap shingles are made of Schindler, by cleaving a Rohschindel from the block, either hydraulically or conventionally with shingle knife ( Kletzhacke ) and mallets. The wood is picked straight and feinwüchsig, and knot-free, after which you cut to length, it splits and with a broad knife that has a handle on both sides, reworked. This knife is also referred to as a drawing knife. In order to hold the Rohschindel for this process in Central Europe always the same instrument was used, the shingle bank ( cutting donkey Bschniedesel, Heinzel Bank, cutting-board, Schnitzel Bank, Schindelgoaß etc.).
Sägeschindel board and shingle
The other Schindelart is characterized by the destruction of the wood fiber flow. A distinction is made between Sägeschindeln board and shingles.
Brett shingles are usually found around the world still in Carinthia and Styria, and thence eastwards to East Asia, Scandinavia and today. This roofing is the least durable shingles and requires the most maintenance.
In contrast to the board Sägeschindeln shingles are available in the wall area in all types of wood and common of all sizes. Profitability is good despite the lower durability compared to the gap shingle and especially their diverse design possibilities for architects provides a broad basis for new planning ideas.
Velika Planina, Slovenia
Swedish Visthus ( Urgammal type ( Nordisk familjebok ) )
Board shingles, Zhongdian / Gyeltang, Yunnan, China
Woods and durability
In general, the locally available tree species were used for shingle production: in the north of Germany mainly oaks, in the Erzgebirge, Bohemian Forest and Black Forest spruce, in Hesse beech and larch in the Alps primarily. In coniferous trees only with left rotation are suitable to allow the wood evenly twisted after editing and retains its shape. When wet, the wood stretched by its natural internal stress and lies flat on the roof, drying, however, it turns easily, and there are columns that promote drying. Through these " pine cones " effect and the fact that Brett and splitting shingles to each other are never satisfied, an optimal life for the otherwise weather- susceptible wood has been reached.
Previously, you could reach in cleft shingles made of spruce or larch a shelf life of 30-40 years and 50-70 years. This is but today, for various reasons ( worse wood, environment, other roof structures, etc. ) no longer realistic. Today, the durability is spruce and larch in the roof area between 12 and 25, a longer shelf life is in domestic wood only possible with impregnation; or you deviate from equal on durable wood, like that of the giant tree of life (Thuja plicata) and the Canadian Alaska cedar ( Chamaecyparis nootkatensis ). Gap shingles are still made in the conservation area in small amounts of oak and chestnut (Western Switzerland, French Alps ). In the northern Eastern Europe aspen is widely used.
Sägeschindeln as roofing are useful only with the most durable wood species. Here in Germany there is a test certificate as hard roofing according to DIN 4102 Part 7 - that means Sägeschindeln from Alaska cedar are fire protection similar to a tile roof classified.
The top cottage in Fritzlar - Facade part clad with sawn oak shingles
Moss, its hygroscopic properties generally have a negative impact on the life
Cover types
With regard to the concealment way one distinguishes crowd shingle roofs and Legschindeldächer.
Crowd shingle roof
The crowd shingle roof is suitable for steeply pitched roofs. The shingles are there, nailed in general triple coverage on a batten. For low-order structures, a dual coverage is possible.
About twice simple cover, Valley Forge, Chester County, Pennsylvania ( reconstruction)
Legschindeldach
The Legschindeldach is commonly used for flat roof pitches. The shingles overlap also three, sometimes even four times, but only hung up. They are fixed with heavy stones, which rest on heavy rods and thus secure the shingles on the roof ( a Legschindeldach is therefore called in some regions than Schwardach; Allgäu and the Black Forest are Legschindeln also referred to as countries known). The Legschindeldach covers must be changed about every five years, and not yet exposed to the weather side of the shingle comes up. Thus, the shingles can be used at least four times.
Memory, Gluringen, Valais, Switzerland
Provisional drill collars at a sheet metal cover
More images
Diamond shingle
Stone shingles, Carinthia
Shingle imitations
Especially in the area south-west France (Charente) smaller shingle roofs have been simulated in stone in the middle ages, which does not always each shingle has been imitated, but often only focused on the shape of the overlap of the shingle layers in the foreground. In this region also Paul Abadie worked since 1844, who led the restoration of the Saint- Frond Cathedral in Périgueux and later the contract for the construction of the Sacré- Cœur de Montmartre in Paris received - the domes of both buildings he sided with shingle imitations. Since the second half of the 20th century, there are shingle imitations of various plastics to buy the building materials trade.
Dead Lantern of Fenioux
Cathedral Saint- Frond in Périgueux
Sacré- Cœur de Montmartre in Paris