Stylidium

Stylidium turbinatum

The surplus plants ( Stylidium ), with more than 300 species, the largest genus of the family of Stylidiaceae. The vast majority of all species found in Australia, where they represent the sixth largest species of the local flora.

They have developed an unusual mechanism for transfer of their pollen on pollinators, by feeding on the pollinators ' hit ' with their gynostemium, a floral organ that arises from the convergence of stamen and pistil.

Features

Surplus plants are mostly perennial, rarely annual herbaceous plants. Some perennial species survive as onions. In their size, they are highly variable, reaching sizes of only a few centimeters to 180 centimeters ( Stylidium laricifolium ). It is mainly indigenous rosettes, but there are also some special cases such as climbing ( Stylidium scandens ) or shrubby species ( Stylidium laricifolium ).

Even the foliage is varied and ranges from narrow, needle-shaped to short, stubby leaves ( Stylidium pulviniforme ).

The arranged in the form of a grape, zygomorphic flowers consist of four petals (only Stylidium has hispidium five) and reach a diameter of 5 to 30 mm. The flower color varies from species to species, but often find themselves white, yellow and pink, sometimes in combination. From the center of the flower rises above the column in a stretched state it is bent behind the petals.

The column of the plant is sensitive to touch. Once an insect lands on the flower, a previously constructed action potential is initiated and a Turgoränderung leads within up to 15 milliseconds (the speed depends on the temperature, speed high temperatures the mechanism) for " slamming " the pillar on the body of the insect, which thereby is dusted with pollen. If the bloom already be a bit older, the younger out of the column scar has already displaced the dust bag and so takes at the touch of the insect's body possibly on existing foreign pollen. Through this temporal separation of the functions of the column, a self-pollination is avoided.

Parts of the plants are covered with glandular hairs that secrete a sticky secretion, which they catch insects. 2006 could be proved that the plants also produce protease to digest their prey. By demonstrating the metabolism of dissolved nutrients so 2007 could be conclusively demonstrated that the genus is carnivorous.

Distribution and habitat

The vast majority of all species of the genus are endemic to Australia, only 150 species are native to Western Australia. Only four species are also known deposits outside Australia, from Stylidium tenellum (Myanmar, Malaysia, Vietnam), Stylidium kunthii ( Bengal and Myanmar), Stylidium uliginosum (Sri Lanka and southern China ) and Stylidium alsinoides (Philippines).

Surplus plants are found on grassy plains, open heathland, rocky slopes, sandy soils, forests and at the edges of streams and water holes.

System

• Stylidium accedens
• Aceratum Stylidium
• Stylidium aciculare
• Acuminatum Stylidium
• Stylidium adenophorum
• Stylidium adnatum
• Stylidium adpressum
• Stylidium aeonioides
• Stylidium affine
• Stylidium albolilacinum
• Stylidium albomontis
• Stylidium alsinoides
• Stylidium amoenum
• Androsaceum Stylidium
• Stylidium aquaticum
• Stylidium arenicola
• Stylidium armerium
• Stylidium articulatum
• Stylidium assimile
• Stylidium austrocapense
• Stylidium barleei
• Stylidium bauthas
• Stylidium beaugleholei
• Stylidium begoniifolium
• Stylidium bellidifolium
• Stylidium bicolor
• Stylidium breviscapum
• Stylidium brunonianum
• Stylidium brunonis
• Stylidium bryoides
• Stylidium bulbiferum
• Stylidium burbidgeanum
• Stylidium buxifolium
• Stylidium caespitosum
• Stylidium calcaratum
• Stylidium candelabrum
• Stylidium capillare
• Stylidium caricifolium
• Stylidium carlquistii
• Stylidium carnosum
• Stylidium caulescens
• Stylidium ceratophorum
• Stylidium chiddarcoopingense
• Stylidium chinense
• Stylidium choreanthum
• Stylidium cicatricosum
• Stylidium ciliatum
• Stylidium cilium
• Stylidium clarksonii
• Stylidium clavatum
• Stylidium claytonioides
• Stylidium coatesianum
• Stylidium compressum
• Stylidium confertum
• Stylidium confluens
• Stylidium cordifolium
• Stylidium coroniforme
• Stylidium corymbosum
• Stylidium costulatum
• Stylidium crassifolium
• Stylidium crossocephalum
• Stylidium cuneiformis
• Stylidium curtum
• Stylidium cygnorum
• Stylidium cymiferum
• Stylidium daphne
• Stylidium debile
• Stylidium delicatum
• Stylidium desertorum
• Stylidium despectum
• Stylidium diceratum
• Stylidium dichotomum
• Stylidium dicksonii
• Stylidium dielsianum
• Stylidium diffusum
• Stylidium dilatatum
• Stylidium diplectroglossum
• Stylidium dispermum
• Stylidium diuroides
• Stylidium divaricatum
• Stylidium divergens
• Stylidium diversifolium
• Stylidium drummondianum
• Stylidium dunlopianum
• Stylidium ecorne
• Stylidium eden tatum
• Stylidium eglandulosum
• Stylidium elegans
• Stylidium elongatum
• Stylidium emarginatum
• Stylidium ensatum
• Stylidium ericksonae
• Stylidium eripodum
• Stylidium eriorhizum
• Stylidium evolutum
• Stylidium Expeditionis
• Stylidium falcatum
• Stylidium fimbriatum
• Stylidium fissilobum

• Stylidium flagellum
• Stylidium floodii
• Stylidium floribundum
• Stylidium flumense
• Stylidium fluminense
• Stylidium foveolatum
• Stylidium fruticosum
• Stylidium galioides
• Stylidium glabrifolium
• Stylidium glandulosum
• Stylidium glandulosissimum
• Stylidium glaucum
• Stylidium graminifolium
• Stylidium guttatum
• Stylidium gypsophiloides
• Stylidium hebegynum
• Stylidium hirsutum
• Stylidium hispidum
• Stylidium hortiorum
• Stylidium hugelii
• Stylidium humphreysii
• Stylidium imbricatum
• Stylidium inaequipetalum
• Stylidium inconspicuum
• Stylidium induratum
• Stylidium insensitivum
• Stylidium inundatum
• Stylidium inversiflorum
• Stylidium involucratum
• Stylidium ireneae
• Stylidium javanicum
• Stylidium junceum
• Stylidium kalbarriense
• Stylidium keigheryi
• Stylidium kunthii
• Stylidium lachnopodum
• Stylidium laciniatum
• Stylidium laricifolium
• Stylidium lateriticola
• Stylidium lehmannianum
• Stylidium Leiophyllum
• Stylidium lepidum
• Stylidium leptobotrydium
• Stylidium leptobotrys
• Stylidium leptocalyx
• Stylidium leptophyllum
• Stylidium leptorrhizum
• Stylidium leptostachyum
• Stylidium lessonii
• Stylidium leeuwinense
• Stylidium limbatum
• Stylidium lindleyanum
• Stylidium linear
• Stylidium lineatum
• Stylidium lobuliflorum
• Stylidium longibracteatum
• Stylidium longicornu
• Stylidium longifolium
• Stylidium longissimum
• Stylidium longitubum
• Stylidium lowrieanum
• Stylidium luteum
• Stylidium macranthum
• Stylidium maitlandianum
• Stylidium majus
• Stylidium marginatum
• Stylidium maritimum
• Stylidium marradongense
• Stylidium megacarpum
• Stylidium melastachys
• Stylidium merrallii
• Stylidium mimeticum
• Stylidium miniatum
• Stylidium minus
• Stylidium mitchellii
• Stylidium mitrasacmoides
• Stylidium montanum
• Stylidium mucronatum
• Stylidium multiscapum
• Stylidium muscicola
• Stylidium neglectum
• Stylidium nominatum
• Stylidium nonscandens
• Stylidium nudum
• Stylidium nunagarensis
• Stylidium obtusatum
• Stylidium ornatum
• Stylidium oviflorum
• Stylidium pachyrrhizum
• Stylidium paniculatum
• Stylidium paulineae
• Stylidium pedunculatum
• Stylidium pendulum
• Stylidium periscelianthum
• Stylidium perizostera
• Stylidium perminutum
• Stylidium perpusillum
• Stylidium petiolare
• Stylidium piliferum
• Stylidium pingrupense

• Stylidium planifolium
• Stylidium plantagineum
• Stylidium polystachium
• Stylidium preissii
• Stylidium pritzelianum
• Stylidium productum
• Stylidium proliferum
• Stylidium prophyllum
• Stylidium propinquum
• Stylidium pruinosum
• Stylidium pseudocaespitosum
• Stylidium pseudohirsutum
• Stylidium pseudosacculatum
• Stylidium pseudotenellum
• Stylidium pubigerum
• Stylidium pulchellum
• Stylidium pulviniforme
• Stylidium pycnostachyum
• Stylidium pygmaeum
• Stylidium quadrifurcatum
• Stylidium ramosissimum
• Stylidium ramosum
• Stylidium reductum
• Stylidium reduplicatum
• Stylidium repens
• Stylidium rhipidium
• Stylidium rhynchocarpum
• Stylidium ricae
• Stylidium rigidulum
• Stylidium rivulosum
• Stylidium robustum
• Stylidium roseo - alatum
• Stylidium roseonanum
• Stylidium roseum
• Stylidium rotundifolium
• Stylidium rubriscapum
• Stylidium rupestre
• Stylidium sacculatum
• Stylidium scabridum
• Stylidium scandens
• Stylidium scariosum
• Stylidium schizanthum
• Stylidium schoenoides
• Stylidium sejunctum
• Stylidium semaphorum
• Stylidium semipartitum
• Stylidium septentrionale
• Stylidium serrulatum
• Stylidium setaceum
• Stylidium setigerum
• Stylidium sidjamesii
• Stylidium simulans
• Stylidium sinicum
• Stylidium soboliferum
• Stylidium spathulatum
• Stylidium spinulosum
• Stylidium squamellosum
• Stylidium squamosotuberosum
• Stylidium stenophyllum
• Stylidium stenosepalum
• Stylidium stipitatum
• Stylidium stowardii
• Stylidium striatum
• Stylidium subulatum
• Stylidium suffruticosum
• Stylidium sulcatum
• Stylidium symonii
• Stylidium tenellum
• Stylidium tenerrimum
• Stylidium tenerum
• Stylidium tenue
• Stylidium tenuicarpum
• Stylidium tenuifolium
• Stylidium tepperianum
• Stylidium tetrandra
• Stylidium thesioides
• Stylidium thyrsiforme
• Stylidium tinkeri
• Stylidium torticarpum
• Stylidium trichopodum
• Stylidium turbinatum
• Stylidium tylosum
• Stylidium udusicola
• Stylidium uliginosum
• Umbellatum Stylidium
• Stylidium uniflorum
• Stylidium utriculariodes
• Stylidium validum
• Stylidium velleioides
• Stylidium verticillatum
• Stylidium violaceum
• Stylidium vitiense
• Stylidium warriedarense
• Stylidium weeliwolli
• Stylidium wightianum
• Stylidium wilroyense
• Stylidium xanthopis
• Stylidium yilgarnense
• Stylidium zeicolor

Swell

• Good, R.: On the Geographical Distribution of the Stylidiaceae, 1925, In: New Phytologist, 24 ( 4): 225-240.
• Laurent, N., Bremer, B., Bremer, K.: Phylogeny and Generic Inter- Relationships of the Stylidiaceae ( Asterales ), with a Possible Extreme Case of Floral Paedomorphosis, 1998, in: Systematic Botany, 23 (3): 289-304.
• Erickson, Rica: An introduction to trigger plants, 1961, in: Australian Plants, 1 ( 9): 15-17. ( Online)
• Darnowski, Douglas W.: Trigger Plants, 2002, Rosenberg Publishing, ISBN 1-877058-03-3
• Findlay, G. P. and Pallaghy, CK: Potassium chloride in the motor tissue of Stylidium, 1978, in: Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 5 ( 2): 219-229, (Abstract online)
• Armbruster, WS, Edwards, ME, Debevec, EM: Floral Character Displacement Generates Assemblage Structure of Western Australian trigger Plants ( Stylidium ), 1994, in: Ecology, 75 ( 2): 315-329.
• Findlay, GP: Movement of the Column of Stylidium crassifolium as a Function of Temperature, 1978, in: Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 5 ( 4): 477-484.
• Darnowski, Douglas W.: The history of trigger plants, International Trigger Plant Society, 2002, ( Online)
• Wagstaff, S. J. and pathways, J.: Patterns of diversification in New Zealand Stylidiaceae, 2002, in: American Journal of Botany, 89 (5): 865-874. ( Online)