Triadica

Chinese tallow tree ( Triadica sebifera ) in autumn in Japan.

Triadica is a genus of flowering plants in the family Euphorbiaceae ( Euphorbiaceae ). The only three Triadica species are native to eastern and southern Asia.

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Triadica species grow as trees or shrubs. It is a white milky juice present. The alternate or almost opposite permanently arranged on the branches leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. At the petiole there are one or two glands. The simple leaf blade is pinnately, the lowermost leaf veins pair forms the bottom of the page. The leaf margin is smooth or serrated.

Generative features

Triadica species are mostly monoecious ( monoecious ) or sometimes dioecious ( dioecious ) getrenntgeschlechtig. Terminally or laterally, simple or sometimes branched spike - or grape -like zymöse inflorescences are formed. The bracts have two large glands at their base. The unisexual flowers always missing petals and discus. In the axes of the bracts are together the small, yellow flowers in small bunches. The male flowers have cup-shaped deformed membranous sepals and the cup is only indistinctly two-to three-lobed or toothed. A rudimentary gynoecium is missing. The two to three stamens are free. The bract only one female flower is present, which is larger than the male. In the female flowers of the cup-shaped calyx is usually in three parts or bidentate. Two to three carpels are fused into a two-or dreifächerigen ovary. Each ovary compartment contains only one ovule. The most three pen have grown more than at its base.

There are usually formed spherical, pear-shaped or dreifächerige capsule fruits, berries rarely insulated draft tube. The hemispherical seeds are usually covered by a waxy aril and have a hard exocarp and a fleshy endosperm. The two seed leaves ( cotyledons ) are broad and flat.

Systematics and distribution

They are native to eastern and southern Asia. All three species occur in China. Your total range extends from India to Thailand and Indochina to China, Taiwan, Japan, Borneo, Celebes, and the Philippines. The Chinese tallow tree ( Triadica sebifera ) is grown in many countries and is partly overgrown and is regarded as an invasive plant.

The genus name was Triadica 1790 by Lour. published in Flora cochinchinensis, first and second edition, pp. 598 and 610. Type species is Triadica sinensis Lour. , Which is Triadica sebifera (L.) Small today. This species was formerly sect in the Stillingia. Triadica ( Lour. ) Baill. , Sapium sect. Triadica ( Lour. ) waste. Arg or Excoecaria sect. Triadica ( Lour. ) Müll.Arg. in DC. classified. The evaluation of Triadica as a section in different genera or distinct genus changed more often. The genus belongs to the tribe Triadica Hippomaneae, in the subfamily Euphorbioideae within the family of Euphorbiaceae.

There are only three Triadica types:

  • Cochinchinensis Lour Triadica. Has the three types of the widest natural distribution. Their range extends from India to Thailand and Indochina to China ( Hubei and also to Zheijang ), up to Borneo, Celebes and the Philippines. It thrives in different types of secondary vegetation, even on dry sites and acidic soils at altitudes of about 1000 meters.
  • Triadica rotundifolia ( Hemsley ) eater: She's from the three species, the smallest spread. It comes only in the Chinese provinces of Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Guangdong and neighboring areas before in Vietnam. It is characteristic of subtropical evergreen laurel forests and was collected at altitudes of about 1400 meters.
  • Chinese tallow tree ( Triadica sebifera (L.) Small): The hardy species is widespread in Taiwan and the southern parts of Japan and China ( Yunnan and Hainan to Gansu, Shandong and Henan). It grows in many forest types and different soils from dry to moist conditions, and is even tolerant of short-term flooding; it reaches altitudes up to about 1700 meters.

Use

Triadica sebifera is used in many ways: In Asia, the waxy coating of the seeds is used for making candles and soap. The leaves are used in medicine for the treatment of boils. Parts of plants may be used for production of biodiesel. Plant nectar is also non-toxic and therefore Triadica sebifera is popular with beekeepers as bees costume plant. Triadica sebifera is as decorative, fast-growing and shade ornamental plant used with a beautiful autumn colors.

Swell

  • Bingtao Li & Hans -Joachim Esser: Triadica in the Flora of China, Volume 11, p 284: Online. (Section Description, systematics and distribution )
  • Hans -Joachim Esser: A revision of Triadica Lour. ( Euphorbiaceae ), in Harvard Papers in Botany, Volume 7, no. 1, 2002, pp. 17-21: PDF Online.

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