Tribulus
Earth Tribulus ( Tribulus terrestris)
The plant genus Burzeldorne ( Tribulus ) belongs to the family of Jochblattgewächse ( Zygophyllaceae ). The most familiar type is the Earth puncture vine ( Tribulus terrestris).
- 4.1 Notes and references
Description and Synecology
Appearance and leaves
Tribulus species are one-, two-year to perennial herbaceous plants that are more or less prostrate. Aboveground plant parts are often hairy fluffy.
The oppositely arranged leaves constantly leaves are pinnate with three to twelve pairs of leaflets. Stipules are present.
Inflorescences and flowers
The stalked flowers are usually solitary in the leaf axils, sometimes in zymösen inflorescences. The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and four to fünfzählig double perianth ( perianth ). The four or five free sepals are ovate. The four or five free petals are usually yellow. There are two circles, each with four or five stamens present; they are untereinder free and not fused with the petals, the inner circle are much shorter; often are five of them sterile. It is a ring-shaped, fleshy, zehnlappiger discus available. Most five ( rarely two or four ) carpels are fused to a constant upper, oval to spherical ovary, which is divided by a false septum into several chambers - that distinguishes the genus from all others of the family. Each ovary chamber contains axilärer placentation usually two to five, rarely up to ten hanging ovules. The style ends in a simple or lobed stigma. Pollination is mostly by insects ( entomophily ).
Fruits
They form carpels, which usually have hard spines, so that the fruits hang on the feet and fur of animals and thus ensure a epizoochorous spread.
Dissemination
The paläotropische genus Tribulus is widespread in tropical and subtropical countries in Asia, Africa, southern Europe and northern Australia. It grows mainly in arid and semi-arid areas. Most species are there in the Saharo - Sindian phytogeographic zone. As an invasive plant at least one type was introduced in the Neotropics.
System
The genus name Tribulus was first published by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum 1, 1753, pp. 386-387. As lectotype was Tribulus terrestris L. in Vail & Rydberg: set North American Flora, 25, 1910 S. 109. The genus name Tribulus refers to the same Latin word for a weapon of war Krähenfuß of four nails or spikes. The genus Tribulus belongs to the subfamily Tribuloideae within the family of Zygophyllaceae.
The genus Tribulus belongs to the subfamily Tribuloideae within the family Zygophyllaceae. Sometimes it was also made into a family Tribulaceae.
There are about 15 to 20 puncture vine species ( Tribulus ) ( selection):
- Tribulus cistoides L. (syn.: Tribulus lanuginosus Blanco )
- Tribulus longipetalus Viv.
- Tribulus macropterus Boiss.
- Tribulus micrococcus Dominguez
- Tribulus ochroleucus ( Maire ) Ozenda & Quézel
- Tribulus parvispinus Presl
- Tribulus pentandrus Forssk. ( Syn: Tribulus alatus Delile )
- Tribulus subramanyamii P.Singh, Giri & V.Singh.
- Earth Tribulus ( Tribulus terrestris L., Syn: Tribulus rajasthanensis Bhandari & VS Sharma, T. lanuginosus L., T. bicornutus Fish & Mey. . T. robustus Boiss. & Noé in Boiss., T. orientalis Kerner )
- Tribulus taiwanianum Huang & Hsieh
- Tribulus zeyheri Sond.
Swell
- Tribulus in the Western Australian flora. ( Description section )
- Yingxin Liu Lihua & Zhou: Zygophyllaceae: Tribulus, pp. 49 - text Registered as printed work, In: Wu Zheng -yi & Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 11 - Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae, Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008. ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 ( section description)
- Yingxin Liu Lihua & Zhou: Zygophyllaceae in the Flora of Pakistan: Tribulus - Online. ( Description section )
- M. Varghese, S. S. Yadav & J. Thomas: Taxonomic Status of Some of the Tribulus species in the Indian Subcontinent, in: Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, Volume 13, Number 1, 2006, pp. 7-12. ISSN 1319- 562x: PDF Online. (Section Description and dissemination )