Trust (social sciences)

Trust is defined in psychological personality theory perspective as subjective conviction of ( or as a feeling for or belief in ) correctness, truth, or honesty of persons, of actions, insights, and statements of another or of himself ( self-confidence ). To trust includes the conviction of the possibility of actions and the ability to perform actions. One then speaks rather of confidence. As the opposite of trust applies mistrust.

In addition to these personality theoretical approaches that seek the source of confidence in socialization -related or culturally mediated personality structures, there are institutionalist ( economic, sociological, political science ) and social psychological theories ( transaction- analytical models ) that attempt, the emergence of trust in institutional contexts (eg to explain. within organizations ) or in interpersonal relationships.

5.1 Trust as a mechanism of reduction of complexity
5.2 Swift Trust
5.3 Trust and control

Word origin and history of the concept

Trust is a word since the 16th century known ( Old High German: " fertruen ", Middle High German: " vertruwen " ) and goes back to the Gothic trauan. The word " trust " part of the phrase to " true " = "strong", "solid", "thick". In Greek it is " πίστις " ( pistis ) ( "Faith " ), in Latin " fiducia " ( self-confidence ) or " fides " ( faith ). So is the ancient and medieval use of trust in the tension between loyalty and faith (eg Democritus, who calls, not all, but only to rely on the tried and tested ). For Thomas Aquinas confidence is through experience reaffirmed hope of fulfilling their expected states under the premise of trust in God. Since the beginning of the modern era - about Thomas Hobbes Employing - Trust is increasingly a confidence in their own abilities ( self-confidence ).

Characteristics

Trust is a phenomenon that occurs in situations of uncertainty or risikohaftem output of an action: If one thing can be sure, does not have to rely on. But trust is also more than just faith or hope, it always requires a basis, the so-called " basic trust ". This can be made experiences, but also the confidence of a person you trust yourself, or institutional mechanisms. Trust is partially transferable. To give somebody his trust, can be very exciting, for example, the confidence that a child gives the father when it jumps down from above into the outstretched arms. This applies both to the Father and to the child. The story is often told in a figurative sense - as a trust in God.

Trust dimensions

"Trust is the will to show themselves vulnerable. " This simple phrase has several trust dimensions: first trust arises in situations in which the Relying Party ( the trust-giver ) can lose more than win - he is risking damage or injury. Second trust manifests itself in actions that increase the own vulnerability. It delivers himself from the trustee and sets to the leap of faith. The third reason why one surrenders, is the positive expectation that the trustee the situation is not used to the detriment of the trust provider.

Foundations of trust relationship

Depending on the duration and intensity of a relationship and, depending on the basis of information relating to the trust:

To the situation - the result is situation- based trust,
On the perceived trustworthiness of the trustee - the result is property -based trust,
On commonly shared norms and values of trust donor and trustee - identification -based trust arises

Trust relationships are often based on reciprocity. Identification -based trust is based on shared experiences and past actions as well as on mutual understanding. In marriage and close partnerships mutual trust grows, the stronger will be the more feelings too pronounced and accepted. This is the basis, inter alia, the Encounter methods for in-depth communication. But trust can also arise that one a secret for reserves ( " told in confidence", " confidentiality "). Trust Basics change with the development of a relationship - the three forms of trust build on each other. Interaction between parties can lead to development of trust or confidence to destruction, depending on the information received.

Situation -based trust

The following conditions exist in a rational, decision-oriented approach that a situation- based trust can arise:

The value of future cooperation must exceed the value of immediate defection
A possible defection must be observable and can be discovered.
The Trust donors must be willing and able to punish the Defekteur.

Trust can enlarge it by adding information or wins ( confidence building measures ). In the longer term winning strategies that are based on trust and lead to cooperation, often more than strategies based on suspicion. Situation -based trust is often not a "real confidence," and that if vulnerability is not given. But there is a basis for the following "real forms " of trust.

Property -based trust

Three expectations concerning the personal qualities to be possessed by the cooperation partners, are based on a confidence advance that is given to him:

Competence expectancy, ie the expectation that the co-operation partner in its domain is competent,
Integrity expectancy, ie the expectation that he does not engage in covert, dangerous for his partner strategies,
Benevolenzerwartung, with benevolence an optimistic- open attitude towards other people and relationships says that is not characterized by particular acts, but by good will and general disposition. Benevolence is also true in economic theory as a prerequisite for exchange and trade and is not to be confused with altruism.

Identification -based trust

Identification -based trust is based in social psychological observation on four components:

Prerequisites: close cooperation, openness and regular communication
Identification with the values , goals and needs of the partner
Communion between the Relying
Mutual sympathy and the development of an emotional bond

Confidence in sociology

Georg Simmel distinguishes the " mystical" faith of the people to the people of the social form of trust. This is an intermediate state between knowledge and ignorance, so a " hypothesis future conduct ." This has to be safe enough to " to establish practical action to it."

Trust as a mechanism of reduction of complexity

For Niklas Luhmann is the basis of trust (that is ultimately of confidence to our own expectations ) the "present as a constant continuum ... when all of the stocks in which events can happen ." This trust has in the context of social interactions, the function of reducing the complexity of the options on a measure that can remain capable of the individual in his environment.

Swift Trust

A special form of situation -based trust is interesting both in sociological and institutional as well as social-psychological relationship -oriented perspective: the so-called Swift Trust (rapid, fleeting confidence ) that sets in and must adjust when a heterogeneous composite temporary working group to work immediately to begin, there is no time for that previous confidence. One example is the film production team, in which the actors previously hardly know themselves and can not fully control over their own tasks. You must be almost blind trust from day one. Similar processes are formed for many ad hoc virtual teams featuring ..

Conditions for the emergence of Swift Trust are, inter alia,

Similarly oriented activities through joint reward in case of success or failure in the joint penalty case ( such as the ability to harvest through the film fame or making a fool of yourself )
Feel strong interdependence (think of the stuntman for a movie production and it backed team members)
Lack of time ( too much time seduced to perform selfish or unproductive activities)
Adequate material resources to avoid resource conflicts
Focusing of professionalism, not the person of the actors involved
Strict tasks and process orientation, refraining from personal problems and waiver of personal criticism
And above all a Trust Broker ( Trust Broker) with transparent action who appoints and dismisses the team members and for the professionalism of each individual is responsible.

From these findings, in turn, conclusions for an effective ( re) organization of the generally time -consuming and expensive trust -building processes can be drawn on the job.

Trust and control

Trust and control are two equal components of collaboration. Trust is advantageous for the behaviors that are not observable (eg compliance with breaks). Depending on the task complexity and depending on the organizational structure of trust and span of control are different. If trust exists, there is little need for control, loss of confidence reinforce the need for control. For the development of creativity, innovation and flexibility rather greater scope for maneuver and thus trust are required.

Confidence in the economics and related disciplines

In economics, is trust in the context of decision theory, game theory, and investigated by the organizational psychology, where this is often the so-called trust game (including various modifications and extensions of this game ) are used. The game illustrates the paradigmatic behavior risk, which the relying person ( this is called the trust-giver ) faces when she sets out on the future behavior of another person ( trustee ) dependent.

In decision theory level, the question is in the foreground, ( etc. eg social risk-taking, cognitive dissonance ) establish that (1 ) factors influencing the decision situation (eg, degree of conflict of interest, symmetric or asymmetric information booth ) and ( 2) what personality factors on the part of the trust encoder trusting behavior can.
In game theory analyzes the interaction with a beneficiary of the trust in the foreground. In the context of the trust game, both the willingness ( = probability for trustworthy decision) and the intensity ( = height of risking advance ) is higher, the

( 1) lower the conflict of interest between donor confidence (VG ) and trustee (VN ) is pronounced; ( 2) the flow of information between VG and VN is pronounced intense; ( 3) smooth communication between VG and VN takes place; ( 4) frequent VG and VN interact with each other in interaction ( repeated game ); ( 5) stronger moral commitment (eg, orientation to social norms ) is pronounced in both.

In the organization theory trust is a mechanism of control costs and other transaction costs. This cognitive effort can be saved and resources freigesetzt.Unter others builds confidence intimate relationships, simplifies exchange of information and decision-making, facilitating open communication and is used to value creation.
In political science is primarily the product called ' trust in institutions of public confidence in the ability of institutions to exercise control over resources, actions and events in terms of population, important. A tyranny - Aristotle - only while respecting the distrust between the inhabitants inventory. For Fichte, the state is built on general distrust.
In the management of scientific possibilities of Vertrauensauf or a rehabilitation after Ethikeklats and corruption cases discussed (administrative ethics).
In the ( public and private) law is "trust" treated as a legal right worthy of protection.
Often negotiations between adversaries can be performed more successful if they are moderated by a person of mutual trust ( mediation).

Confidence in other disciplines

In developmental psychology we speak of basic trust.
In the organization theory trust is a mechanism of control costs and other transaction costs. This cognitive effort can be saved and released resources. Among other things, creates confidence intimate relationships, simplifies exchange of information and decision-making, facilitating open communication and is used to value creation.
In political science is primarily the product called ' trust in institutions of public confidence in the ability of institutions to exercise control over resources, actions and events in terms of population, important. A tyranny - Aristotle - only while respecting the distrust between the inhabitants inventory. For Fichte, the state is built on general distrust.
In the management of scientific possibilities of Vertrauensauf or a rehabilitation after Ethikeklats and corruption cases discussed (administrative ethics).
In the ( public and private) law is "trust" treated as a legal right worthy of protection.
Often negotiations between adversaries can be performed more successful if they are moderated by a person of mutual trust ( mediation).

In probability theory and reliability theory one speaks of the confidence interval, if the probability that an event falls within this range is greater than the probability of error.
In biochemistry, the hormone oxytocin is responsible for building confidence.

Spirituality

In many religions, the concept of trust exists in a God in Providence (for example, in Islam ), in personalized (Fortuna, fairy godmother - cf. Latin: fatua ) or impersonal higher powers ( fate ).

Trust (social sciences) Gothic language Property (philosophy) Encounter (psychology) Destiny Fidelity

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