Unfederated Malay States
The Native Malay States, officially Unfederated Malay States called, with around 63,400 km ², was an administrative grouping of five sultanates as part of the British Empire on the Malay Peninsula. The four northern Islamized sultanates, where the British had already shown interest in the late 19th century were, in 1909 Siam definitively squeezed. Then there was the lying to the south Johor. For the colonial period, they were referred to as " semi - independent". Together with the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States the five they were in 1946 merged to form the Malayan Union.
- 3.1 Notes and references
History
The Sultanate of Johor ( 23,200 km ² in 1911: 180 412 inhabitants) in the 18th century one of the most powerful island of India, with possessions on Sumatra. Due to the throne was disputed, it had been ruined. 1877 the British installed a new, them inclined dynasty. The actual protectorate treaty was only closed in 1914. Kelantan ( 14.2 thousand km ², 1911: 286 751 inhabitants), Kedah ( 9800 km ², 1911: 245 986 E. ), Trengganu ( 15.5 thousand km ², 1911: 154 073 E. ) and Perlis (810 km ², 1911: 32 746 E. ) had until 1909 the King of Siam recognized as overlords. These were relatively loose vassal relationship which required payments of tribute, but brought little interference.
The area came between December 1941 and October 1945 under Japanese military administration. Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan and Terengganu were returned to Thailand in October 1943, a measure which was reversed after the return of the victorious British. In May 1945 there were communal riots of Malays under the leadership of Pengulu Salleh against Chinese in Johor. After the Second World War, Harold MacMichael put the sultans before new contracts, their states were part of the Malayan Union in 1946, emerged from the later of the Malay Federation.
Colonial administration
The difference between the scope of control of the rulers between the Federated States and the Unfederated was at best theoretical. The parked to the courts "advisors" were called non -residents but General Adviser, but they had the same powers. Also known as Siamese suzerainty was still had it in Kelantan (since 1903) and Trengganu (1904 ) where such consultants. The white officials at the district level were also members of the Malaya Civil Service ( MCS). Likewise, under the exclusive control of the colonial masters were post and rail. At the top stood the High Commissioner, a position that has always been exercised by the Governor of the Straits Settlements in personal union.
The practiced here model of indirect rule ( indirect rule ) Harold Ingrams served as a model for the administration to be set up in the southern Arabian sultanate of Shihr and Mukalla.
Economy
In contrast to the Federated Malay States, the areas were still largely sparsely populated turn of the century and covered by forests. The rubber plantation economy began in the boom year 1909/10, so that also took the Chinese population in the north to ( 1921: 15.4%). Rice was pulled for their own use.
The States have been cheated mercilessly in economic development. The Duff Developement Co., for example, had in 1903 received the plantation concession for almost 6500 km ², under the revised Treaty in 1912 she exchanged one-fifth of the territories against other out. They complained against the Sultan in 1920 to £ 1 million damages because no railway connection was established. After six years, British judges decided that the company should receive £ 378,000. The Sultan was suggested that he pay may " nevertheless make a bit unpopular and raise taxes " to the horrendous costs.
The agricultural products are mostly exported in the north to Penang and Kelantan. The latter produced mainly cattle, betel nuts and copra. From Tringganu came tin, copra and dried fish. Johor, which produced a lot of Gambir next to rubber, pepper, tapioca, sago, betel and coconut, wrapped his businesses from across Singapore.
After its stabilization, 1906, the Straits dollar was the generally accepted means of payment. The overspent by individual rulers change places came to 1912 disuse.