Velodrome

A velodrome is used to perform cycling race in track cycling. A stadium or hall with a velodrome is called a velodrome. On Cycle tracks the use of railway wheels is prescribed only in exceptional cases and in road races that are stopped on cycle tracks (such as Paris -Roubaix ), the use of road wheels is allowed.

• 5.1 Open lifts
• 5.2 Covered tracks
• 5.3 Hall tracks

Construction - material - properties

For the construction of cycle tracks, different materials were used in the history of cycling. The materials nowadays most commonly used are wood, concrete and asphalt. The sheets of wood are the fastest because it has the least amount of friction resistance of the three aforementioned materials. The architects used Schürmann for non- covered wooden tracks usually the rare tropical wood Afzelia. For indoor tracks mainly Siberian spruce is used. As asphalt pavement is only makes sense for very long cycling tracks ( > 333 m ) with low superelevation (see below " overshoot " ) used and no longer conforms to the current standard.

History

The first track race in the world was held probably on 31 May 1869 in Paris. It was an Earth orbit with slightly elevated curves. The first velodrome in Germany was opened in Munich in 1880. Road race, there were at that time because of the bad roads, very few, in some German cities, the cycling was even banned on the road. Initially Aviator race were (now Sprint ) is extremely popular, with the engine of pacemaker pacemaker race machine but became increasingly popular from the turn of the 20th century. From 1909 also becoming more bicycle lanes were built in Germany for the discharge of Six Days. While it finally gave at least a velodrome in almost every German city, today there are only a few tracks in Germany.

The longest and fastest cycle-racing tracks of the world

While still until the late 1960s, Milan Vigorelli -Bahn (the former World Cup train from Rome 1932) was considered as the best velodrome in the world today, especially the Velodrome in Moscow Krylatskoje and the path of the Velodrome in Berlin are expected to do so. At the point where a few years ago the Werner Seelenbinder Hall was one of the most modern railways in the world was built up in 1997 with a length of 250 meters. As the world's best builders of cycle tracks the members of the family of architects Schürmann from Munster, who are engaged in this profession since 1925 and have built over 125 tracks worldwide apply. The Dutch racetrack architect Marc Douma has worked with a company a mobile Velodrome, were held on the Six Days of Rotterdam, Maastricht and Hasselt (B). The cycle track GmbH has three different racing tracks, including the path of the Bremen- Arena, where the six-day race is held.

In the Or Country Hall in Frankfurt ( Oder) and in 1984 built Stuttgart's Hanns -Martin- Schleyer- Halle, the longest closed cycle tracks in Germany were built with 285.71 m (outdoor paths are often significantly longer).

With a length of 666.66 m, the Velodrome stadium in German in Berlin was the longest established in Germany. On her track bike competitions in the 1916 Olympic Games should take place.

The longest covered car in the world with a length of 333.33 meters was built for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow Krylatskoje.

Those with a length of 400 meters longest partially covered velodrome in Germany is located in Leipzig. It has a width of 7 meters. The superelevation is between 0 ° and 38 ° to the straight lines in the graphs. When covering an epoxy coating was used. 1960 took place the track world championships on this track.

One of the fastest non- covered summer lifts in Europe was the velodrome Hanover; it has a length of 333 meters and is made of African wood. Meanwhile, she received a roof.

As previously open orbits and summer events rather were the rule, cycle tracks were called in halls "Winter Tracks". Today find major international events throughout the year, preferably in Hall cycling tracks.

Construction and dimensions

Principle

A velodrome is basically composed of two straight lines and two 180 degree turns. The ratio of the two geometric elements should be in a balanced relationship, however, is not mandatory. In contrast, the different disciplines have different requirements for the web: Thus, in pacemaker race with their high sustained speeds (> 65 km / h) more ( and therefore long ) curves popular because of the lower pressure curve. Most tracks are therefore in their relation between straight lines and curves compromises between the different requirements that the work carried out disciplines on the web.

Speeds

In the various disciplines of track cycling different maximum speeds are achieved. While at endurance competitions 55-60 km / h achieved, the speed limits are in the sprint between 70 and 80 km / h In pacemaker race speeds are achieved up to 110 km / h. The shape and elevation of cycling tracks must be designed for these speeds.

Camber

In order to ensure a sufficiently obtuse angle between the track surface and the wheel and allow sufficient static friction at the required curve slopes of the driver, the curves must be excessive. Depending on the curve geometry and maximum permissible speed may be in the curves between 30 and 60 degrees the necessary road inclination. As a rule of thumb that the driver to lose about 40 - perpendicular to the path 50 km / h. At higher speeds, the drivers have higher centrifugal forces acting outward offset, and therefore tend to even further than the orbital inclination inwards. At low speed the drivers are inclined with respect to the orbital inclination outwards. Tracking a driver to slow by steep sloping curves, it falls below the minimum required friction angle and slips off the driving surface.

Since the rise can not abruptly merge into a horizontal configuration on the straights, a gradual transition is chosen so that even on the straights to remain for some elevation of the roadway.

Length

In order to have sufficient functionality to be performed for all competitions, different, partly reluctant criteria must be fulfilled, which affect the length. Path lengths are typically selected such that a particular number of whole or at least half rounds result each 1000 m. Usual therefore (in brackets: number of rounds required for 1000 m): 200 ( 5), 250 ( 4) and 333.33 m ( 3). But the Stuttgart rail (just like the now dismantled Munich Olympic track ) satisfies this criterion: With 285.71 m is reached at 3.5 rounds exactly 1000 m. Many of the 200 m long tracks no longer exist. Popular 166,66 m- tracks (6 ) are in the " Kuipke " in Gent / Belgium and the "Centre Sportif " in Geneva / Switzerland.

Previously Cycle tracks were often built in combination with football pitches and athletics tracks and therefore had lengths of 400-500 m. These lengths are now considered out of date and because of the large viewing distances as interesting for the spectators.

According to UCI are permitted paths from 133.333 to 500 m, required at World Championships and Olympic Games are at least 250 m.

Width

The width of the path is determined by requirements such as sufficient space to dodge from falls, plenty of room for tactical maneuvers in the sprint and the like and is typically 5-8 m. At the actual track surface toward the interior includes a 2.50 to 4 m wide security strip on.

Marking and labeling of the web

On the train three lines are applied in the direction of travel:

• (black ) " measuring line " ( formerly referred to goal line ): Its length is consistent with the officially designated path length. In order to prevent a " short cut " to be placed in Time Trial Championship in the curves 50 cm long plastic sponges below the measuring line onto the web so that the web portion located below the line is locked. The 20 cm below the measurement line (to the left ) lying part of the web is, because of the bright blue coat of paint " Côte d' Azur " or "carpet" and serves as a transition between the interior and the actual track surface. The width of the " Côte d' Azur " is at least 10 % of the track width. The measuring line every 10 m, the distance from the destination track mounted in meters.
• (red ) " Sprinter line ": it is applied at a distance of 70 cm from the measurement line. Tracking a driver below this line, he may in the sprint not left ( = inside) being overtaken, he goes above this line and is overtaken in, he may not " close up ", ie it must not swing down and the overtaking driver at the prevent overhaul, unless he has at least a bike length ahead of the attacking from the rear driver.
• (blue ) " Stayers Line": It satisfies various purposes, and is in principle to 2/ 3 of the width of the road, but at least 2.50 m mounted from the inside edge of the roadway. In pacemaker race it fulfills a similar function as the red line in the sprint, ie attacked uprights must remain below the blue line and may, if they go below the blue line, do not be overtaken on the left. In 2- team race the detached drivers drive (slower) above the blue line, so as not to obstruct the driver in the race.
• The end of the track down is the Côte d' Azur.

Other marks are found across the vehicle:

• " Finish Line ": The finish line is marked just before the finish line across the road. It is apply a 72 cm wide, white mark and provided in the center with a 4 cm wide, black finish line.
• " Tracking lines ": Right in the middle of the two lines are applied across each 4 cm wide, red tracking lines on the road. They refer to the start and finish of persecution competitions, ranging up to half the web width.
• " 200 m- line " 200 m ahead of the object is across the road surface marking, a white, 4 cm wide line, which indicates the distance to the target and serves as a measuring line for the last 200 m sprint. At 200 m tracks that line is not present.

Space requirements

While a 133.333 m track about the area of ​​a hockey game field ( 30 x 60 m ) is required, a World Cup track of 250 m length already has a footprint that. Around with 60 x 110 m corresponds to a soccer field about.

Regulations

On Construction and dimensions of the cycle-racing tracks, there are international and national regulations. Some of these are in the betting transport regulations path of the BDR (see below links ) included, others can be requested via the BDR or the UCI.

Cycle tracks' in German-speaking

Open paths

• Bielefeld, 333.33 m, concrete ( location ) 52.0307098.580514
• Chemnitz, 318 m, concrete ( location ) 50.80337512.929797222222
• Dresden, 400 m, concrete ( decommissioned)
• V C D, Darmstadt, 333 m, concrete
• "Bathtub ", Dudenhofen, 250 m, concrete (position ) 49.3214833333338.3890916666667
• Velodrome Forst ( Lausitz), 400 m, concrete ( location ) 51.72913888888914.622111111111
• Velodrome Fredersdorf, 333 m, concrete ( location ) 52.52666666666713.745277777778
• Gera, 250 m, concrete
• Göttingen, 400m, asphalt
• Velodrome Hannover, 333.33 m, logs ( location ) 52.3259.7755555555556
• Haßloch, 333 m, concrete ( decommissioned)
• Heidenau, 250 m, concrete ( location ) 50.97125813.859788
• Hildesheim, 400 m, asphalt
• Ludwigshafen- Fries Home, 333 m, concrete
• Left Home, 333.33 m, concrete
• Mannheim, 333.33 m, concrete
• Merseburg, 375 m, bitumen ( decommissioned)
• Niederpöring in Lower Bavaria, 333 m, concrete
• Nordhausen, 454 m ( decommissioned)
• Reichelsdorfer cellar, Nuremberg, 400 m, concrete ( location ) 49.36874722222211.043438888889
• Oberhausen / Baden, 333.33 m, concrete
• Rostock, 250 meters, concrete (position ) 54.07042512.096166666667
• " Schanzenberg -Bahn ", Saarbrücken, 333.33 m, concrete ( decommissioned)
• Schopp, 450 m, concrete
• Singing / Hohentwiel, 198 m, concrete
• Solingen, 384.62 m, concrete ( location ) 51.1510583333337.1270388888889
• Open racetrack Zurich -Oerlikon, 333.33 m ( location ) 47.40968.5512694444444
• Zwickau, 500 m, concrete ( shut down and decommissioning )

Covered tracks

• Cottbus, 333.33 m, concrete ( semi - covered) ( location ) 51.74083514.33694
• Erfurt, Velodrome Andreasried, 250 m, concrete (position ) 51.00166666666711.010555555556
• Hamburg, Velodrome Stellingen, 250 m, concrete (position ) 53.5903194444449.9436055555556
• Cologne, Cologne Radstadion (Albert Richter -Bahn ), 250 m, Wood ( semi - covered) ( location ) 50.9362596.872196
• Leipzig, Alfred Rosh arena, 400 m, concrete ( semi - covered) ( location ) 51.31143611111112.328019444444
• Oeschelbronn ( Gaeufelden, Böblingen ), 200 m, wood, completely covered with a solar roof ( location ) 48.5470305555568.8127611111111

Hall tracks

• RSG Augsburg, 200 m, wood
• Velodrome Berlin, 250 m, Wood ( location ) 52.88539166666713.753119444444
• Sports Forum Kaarst- Büttgen, 250 m, Wood ( location ) 51.2024694444446.6062138888889
• Stadthalle Bremen ( "Bremen Arena " ), 166.67 m, logs ( location ) 53.0866666666678.8166666666667
• Westfalenhalle Dortmund, 200 m, Wood ( velodrome removed)
• Or Country Hall Frankfurt ( Oder), 285.71 m, logs ( location ) 52.35619166666714.527141666667
• Rated arena Gera, 250 m, wood ( in planning, implementing planned until 2014 ) ( proposed location ) 50.87763333333312.079216666667
• Velodrome Suisse Grenchen, 250 m, Wood ( location ) 47.1855083333337.4052583333333
• ( Expanded velodrome? ) Olympiahalle Munich, 200 meters, wood
• Hanns -Martin- Schleyer- Halle Stuttgart, 285.71 m, logs ( location ) 48.7938888888899.2269444444444
• Ferry - Dusika Stadion Vienna, 250 meters, wood (position ) 48.21083333333316.423611111111
• Hallenstadion Zurich (250m, wood, canceled ) 200m, wood, temporarily