Viburnum trilobum
American snowball
The American (Viburnum opulus subsp. Trilobum ), also known as cranberry shrub or highbush cranberry, is a subspecies in the genus viburnum ( Viburnum ) within the family of the musky herb plants ( Adoxaceae ). It is widespread in North America and can be used as wild fruit.
Description
Appearance and leaf
The American snowball grows as relatively large, deciduous shrub and can reach heights of growth of up to 4 meters. The bark of the branches is smooth and bare. There are no terminal buds present and the two side buds have touching ( valvate ) bud scales.
The green, against constantly arranged leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade; they are reminiscent of maple leaves. The ridged, up to 12 cm long petiole has two elongated glands. The simple leaf blade is at a length of 5 to 11 cm more or less broadly ovate in outline and three-lobed The venation is palmate. The terminal pair of leaves has long pointed lobes, a wedge-shaped to almost rounded Spreitengrund and a smooth to slightly dull serrated leaf edge. The underlying leaves are broad, with rounded to trimmed Spreitengrund, shorter leaf lobes and coarsely serrated margin. The fall foliage is red to purple. The stipules are thin.
Inflorescence and flower
The flowering time is in the middle of summer. Many flowers are in terminal, With a diameter of 4 to 15 cm, relatively large, trugdoldigen inflorescences are flattened above, together. The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and fünfzählig double perianth. The five petals are white. The outer and 2.5 cm wide flowers are sterile; its corolla is flattened. The inner petals are much smaller and fertile, their calyx is small and inconspicuous and the corolla has a diameter of up to 5 mm. In the fertile flowers are five fertile stamens that are fused with the corolla and tower over this, and under constant ovary present Pollination is by insects and birds.
The reddish- orange to red when ripe berry -like drupe is at a length of 6 to 12 mm ellipsoid to globose contains only one flat, white seeds in the stone core. The fruits ripen in North America in the late summer and remain through the winter on the shrub. It was not until the age of about five years wear resulting from seed plant fruits.
Dissemination
The American snowball is native to North America from Newfoundland over British Columbia and Washington to Virginia and will be distributed by the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico. Locality data are available for the Canadian provinces: New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Iceland, Quebec, Alberta, British Columbia and Manitoba and the U.S. states: Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, West Virginia, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska ( Douglas County), North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Idaho, Washington, Wyoming ( Crook County ), and Virginia.
Use
The fruits are called " highbush cranberry ", however, it is not a cranberry So cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon ), but belongs to a different plant family. Appearance and taste as well as aging period are similar to the cranberry. The acidic fruits contain a lot of vitamin C and can be eaten raw or cooked. From the fruit marmalade or jam can be prepared. This is suitable as those from the fruit of the ordinary snowball ( Viburnum opulus ) as an accompaniment to game dishes, an alternative to lingonberries.
In northern Ontario, the juicy and tart, edible fruits are mostly used for making jam. The ripe fruits have a strong musky odor which is retained during cooking, but he is no longer in the finished jam or jelly to the present.
In Canada, the American snowball is cultivated in gardens because of the fruit as a useful plant. Canadians of French origin called the fruit " Pembina " Canadians of Ukrainian and Russian origin " Kalyna ".
Taxonomy
The first publication was in 1785 under the name ( basionym ) Viburnum trilobum by Humphry Marshall in Arbustrum americanum, S. 162 It was founded in 1949 by Theodore Robert Clausen at Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station Memoir, Volume 291, p 10 Viburnum opulus subsp under the name. trilobum (Marshall) RTClausen recognized as a subspecies of Viburnum opulus L.. It is also often the by William Aiton in Hortus Kewensis 1789; or, a catalog ..., Volume 1, pp. 280 Viburnum opulus var americanum published name Aiton used.
Swell
- Viburnum opulus subsp. trilobum (Marshall) RTClausen - highbush cranberry, American cranberry bush, cranberry tree, grouseberry, crampbark; Fri: Viorne trilobée, quatre - saisons des bois; Ojibway ( Anishinabe ): niibimin, aniibiminagaawashk, aniibmiin. Adoxaceae - Viburnum Family in Northern Ontario Plant Database. ( Description section )