Village

As the village is referred to a group of mostly small settlement with a low division of labor, which is originally characterized by an agricultural settlement, economic and social structure. Characterizing is agriculture; but also fishing villages, rafters and even pedlars villages are attested. In areas with a distinct cottage industry example, there were Weberndörfer. Pottery villages, however, are unique in their respective regions. Originally rural settlements where nowadays no longer a farmer operates, is, strictly speaking, no villages, but are also treated here.

In Bavaria and is in accordance with the Resolution of the Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior dated 18 October 1950 ( No. I B1 - 68a 1) basically any establishment with 10 or more residential buildings, which is not a city, as a village. Larger villages with greater division of labor and individual municipal functions are called in Southern Germany, especially in Bavaria, Market, in North Germany, especially in Saxony, stains, and market towns.

In Austria, a village is also a closed place with 10 or more buildings. Smaller closed places are classified as hamlets, scattered settlements as rotting or Scattered houses.

Smaller group settlements are commonly referred to as hamlets or peasantry. Scattered settlements are not referred to in some areas as a village, but in North-West Germany as a farmer (s) Community, on the Lower Rhine as Honnschaft. Even smaller living spaces with only one or two households are called single settlement, farmstead, in southern Germany and the German-speaking Alpine countries as wilderness or Einödshof.

Traditionally presented the village - in contrast to the smaller hamlets - as a community of farmers a political unit dar. Prior to the creation of local councils in the 19th century there were in the German-speaking village head, the village mayor. Due to the territorial reforms of the 1970s to the 1990s most of the villages are in Germany no longer authorities, but were combined into rural communities or incorporated into neighboring cities. A compromise with remnants of autonomy of the villages represent the joint communities

In countries like France, Switzerland, Austria and Namibia are still very many villages own authorities.

• 2.2.1 scattered settlement
• 2.2.2 Moor Hufendorf
• 2.2.3 march Hufendorf
• 2.2.4 Waldhufendorf
• 2.2.5 Hagen Hufendorf

• 2.3.1 Kirchdorf
• 2.3.2 market towns
• 2.3.3 Railway Settlement

• 4.1 Hierarchy ( historical )
• 4.2 Village Community

Archeology of the village

Since the early Neolithic settlements are known, which are characterized by an accumulation of simultaneous Houses, economic sustenance in agriculture and common facilities. According to a definition of the village, which aims to state these criteria, the " village" thus a fundamental form of settlement of the agricultural culture. Precursor of the village is that of hunter-gatherers sometimes only seasonally roamed living space. However, are to observe some changes in the village over the millennia of history and the Middle Ages. Significantly seems about the development of the Tellsiedlung which is common in South-East Europe to the Danube, to the row area and at the transition to the Middle Neolithic to the scattered settlement with looser, but uniformly oriented development. Here like cultural, social and economic upheavals in the background stand.

First of all is to ask when those villages emerged that characterize our central European settlement landscape (the problem of " village genesis "). The older school of thought assumed that the " village" is a typical Germanic settlement form and but went back in West Germany with the Germanic conquest of the migration period, in the east on the German eastern settlement. Archaeological evidence shows, however, that until well into the Middle Ages, the rural settlement structure has undergone significant changes. The traditional village forms in Central Europe are often only secondary forms that developed by settlement concentrations and relocations, but also by complete internal restructuring of older settlements. Closely related to the genesis village is the community education, how it can be put into written sources, and is currently mainly in the 12-13. Century is dated.

Historically grown village forms

After layout, location, socio-economic function and economic way villages are classified. Reine village forms are hardly to be found. On specifics, and parallels will be discussed in the various articles sections. Occurred sprawl processes in German villages later than the 20th century, corridors and fields were adjusted to big punches merged ( " Verkoppelung ").

In connection with the village forms are the forms hallway. The most common forms include the village clusters, the row and the road villages.

In some parts of America, Australia and Africa outweigh individual settlements. The village education in Central Europe began in the Neolithic period to the first farmers. The villages have been incurred if self-employed, but usually with each other related families without a common head settled together.

Coarse a distinction by uncontrolled and controlled village facilities, the latter only when steered and thoughtful planning ( colonization ) occur.

Closed village forms

Haufendorf

A pile village is a closed village cultivated land with irregular floor plans and frequently different sized farms, usually surrounded by a local Etter. Clustered villages differ from most other forms of village by the fact that they were created unexpectedly. A lot of the pile villages arose in connection with the medieval Gewanneflur in which each farmer strips in various fields cultivated and the location of this field strips also changed again and again. The district of such villages was divided into the village, farmland hall and commons.

Street village

A village street is a linear, mostly double-line village whose houses or farmsteads a road ( a prehistoric route ) line in tight arrangement. Typically, today's individual homes or farmsteads are arranged continuously gable facing the street. A branching off from the main road street is often a dead end.

Angersdorf

A Angersdorf is a village whose salient feature of Anger, a community-owned properties under central, stretched round place with mostly a pond ( fire water pond ) or fountain is. Anger villages are found in Central Europe, especially on Grundmoränenplatten and Lößgebieten, in Germany, especially in Eastern and Ostmitteldeutschland.

Road Angersdorf

The road Angersdorf is a little village, whose village street widens at one place or even at a greater length to a Anger and then continues. In German-speaking Anger villages are typical for East Austria and parts of Brandenburg. Also in the north of England, and in France in Barrois there Anger villages.

Rundling, the round, village, hamlet round

A round- Ling, the round, village or regionally known round the hamlet, is a rural settlement in round shape, their distribution is mainly due to the former German - Slav border areas: west and east of the Saale and Elbe, limited eg in Hanoverian Wendland. They include all the space villages. Round logs are often spurs which project into the depths of glacial valleys. The square in the middle is originally connected only via a path to the overall transport network. Around the square a few farms are located. This is followed by a narrow streak quantity corridor connects. It is unclear whether the circular shape was chosen for safety reasons or to match the predominant livestock.

A typical example is Bugk, ( slaw "bug" or " buk ", dt, " beech " ), in the Oder-Spree district of Brandenburg. Located off a road star arisen on a scarcely perceptible hill in wet, swampy terrain, the center represents a Slavic village Roundabout

A special feature is the Wurtendorf dar. It belongs to the settlements, whose farms are oriented to a central (village ) space. The Wurtendorf was usually on a heaped mound of people, which serves as a settlement for an individual or group settlement. The hill was to protect the village from storm surge or flooding. This type of settlement is found mainly on the coastal walk, sometimes along rivers. Wurtendörfer built particularly in the 7th and 8th centuries. See: History of the colonization of the marshes

Round logs are of Slavic origin common in East Germany.

Reihendorf

Number of villages caused by the construction of a settlement along an elongate topographic object such as Bach, ditch or dike. If, however, the settlement along a road or path, one speaks of a village road.

Number of villages and road villages often provide the possibility the settlement at both ends to expand.

Rows village

A line consists of a village houses or Hofzeile which is regular and linear strung together.

Colonists villages in Brandenburg

The Brandenburg colonists villages emerged after 1157 in the wake of of Albert the Bear and his son Otto I operated settlement policy. The first two Brandenburg Margrave tried successfully with this policy, which conquered in 1157 and founded the Mark Brandenburg, which was still inhabited in many parts of Slavs to Christianize, and stabilize. The colonists came mostly from the Altmark region and from Flanders. The villages were usually created as a series of village or Rundling with forest, meadows and arable hooves, occasionally there were triangular impasse villages like Gröben at Ludwig field. A typical example is Elsterwerda.

Open village forms

In open village forms the possibility of the mutual protection of the villagers, but also the risk of a catastrophic fire was less than in closed. Where each peasant sustainably managed a cohesive floor space as possible, shortening associated with the work routine way, if the farm is on the edge or in the middle of the floor space.

At the scheduled reclamation little or no agricultural, forest passing many regions, every farmer was permanently assigned to a contiguous area, the hooves. For example, the forest hides villages developed east of the Saale.

Scattered settlement

A scattered settlement is not an enclosed village, which consists of widely scattered farms and hamlets without actual center. A typical scattered settlement area is the Munsterland. Furthermore, scattered settlements occur frequently in the Black Forest and are often come into existence by spontaneous colonization. A scattered settlement is not ordered according to plan. Scattered settlements are also the typical form of settlement of the Walser colonies in the Alps. Between the Weser and Ems scattered settlement was common since time immemorial. In parts of the Allgäu region, however, it was only introduced in the early modern period to improve agricultural yields.

Large parts of Canada and the United States consist of scattered settlements.

Moor Hufendorf

When Moor Hufendorf is a planned series created settlement of the 16th and 17th centuries. The Moor Hufendorf usually has a broad area hallway (corridor form type in the strip of about 50-800 m width dominate ). The boundaries of the broad stripes form drainage ditches. Often found in the Netherlands.

March Hufendorf

A march Hufendorf is a range village in marshy areas along a drainage channel. The land adjoins lined up in longitudinal stripes on a farmstead. March hooves villages there are, especially in the Netherlands and since about the 10th century in northern Germany in the areas where the Dutch participated in the drainage.

Waldhufendorf

As Waldhufen villages planned scale settlements of the Middle Ages are referred to, which were created by ( and for ) clearing and, starting from the Baden, Swabian and Franconian areas in southern Germany, in the colonization in Thuringia, Saxony, Saxony -Anhalt and Silesia and in some cases also Brandenburg and in northern Lower Austria's Waldviertel played an important role.

Hagen Hufendorf

A Hagen Hufendorf or stream Hufendorf is an elongated settlement, similar to the row village, along a road that runs parallel to a stream, where the road is only built on one side, while on the opposite side of the road belonging to the courts towel shaped arable land of 20 to 40 morning, the hooves are.

The eingehägten plots serve as a cottage garden and small livestock. The rear adjoining brook supplies the necessary water. Ideally, there is a nearby forest for firewood and timber production.

Settlements on focal points

Kirchdorf

In areas with traditional scattered settlement people settled down next to a church like that are not or not only earned their living from agriculture.

Market towns

Where in a convenient location regularly markets took place, what with authoritarian permit was possible in the feudal era, settled other than dealers like to craftsmen. Thus arose settlements that were often larger than pure farming villages. Several market town later received city rights.

Railway settlement

The railway settlements were mainly in the second half of the 19th century to the early 20th century. An essential requirement was the presence of railway breakpoints and their excessive network expansion as a component of the infrastructure.

Since the mid-20th century

Through the rationalization of agriculture and other branches of industry, greater mobility and in response to the local government reform, the village has lost much of its former importance in the last decades. Nevertheless, many places and districts emphasize like their rural character, both for its residents as well as Foreign. In addition, some new settlements or shall be designated as a village, to enhance their clarity and their differentiation from a surrounding city.

• Pottery village
• Glassmaking village
• Ecovillage
• Stork village
• Schachendorf
• Village youth ( in the GDR )

• Children's Village
• Student Village
• Olympic Village
• Holiday Village ( also: tourist village, leisure village or settlement )

• Container village

• Museum Village
• Desert

Social structures, Sociological

Hierarchy ( historical )

In the social hierarchy of the village prosperous peasants (including the priest and the judge or the teacher) at the top stood. The possession of horses presented the highest richness is (almost luxury: The horse eats what it brings ), so that a distinction was the team owner of the Kuhbauern. Horses could usually afford only the so-called full peasants ( Hufner ). There were small farms ( Häusler, Kötter, Seldner ... ), which provided about the use of their own country out free labor force for the full peasants, as well as up in the 1970s, the traditional village craft and service occupations Müller, blacksmith, wheelwright ( edited the horizontal surfaces of a transport unit - timber frame ), Wagner ( deals usually exclusively with the manufacture of the wheels of a car ), innkeeper ( Kruger ), but also bakers, butchers, carpenters, carpenter, roofer. 2004, some of them in the Federal Republic of Germany has practically disappeared from the village, along with the retail store ( grocery store ), post ( halterei ). This as well as the rural Hofgesinde ( servant and maid ), and at the bottom in order of the village poor and wrong. The majority of employees work outside agriculture and usually in the nearest cities or central locations. In turn, in the villages created new craft and service businesses (electricians and repair workshops, vehicle, petrol stations ).

A detailed Court History of Huefner (full farmers ), Kossäten ( gardener ) and Büdner ( Häusler ) as well as the development of both rural water mills, forging, brickyards and small businesses provides the Brandenburg village Gömnigk dar.

Village community

A village community is characterized by social relations (neighborhood relations, social control ), fixed structures and norms (habits, customs, festivals, clubs and societies ) to the rural architecture, clothing, food etc. was also the development of the population tied to the available floor space. The balance was maintained by that part of the population emigrated founded or not families. With the onset of industrialization of farming is not part of the rural population found by home working an additional revenue source. In West Germany a larger number of non-agricultural permanent jobs was relatively early created by a widespread settlement of small industrial enterprises. Today, the agricultural certain farming village is the exception.

Sociologically, the village is empirically investigated, especially in the municipal and rural sociology ( partly in the sociology of development ), it is conceptually particularly to refer to the term "community."

Village development and assurance

Villages are currently a strong structural change. Due to the extinction of small-scale village culture landscape maintenance omitted especially in more remote locations. During the agriculturally active mostly older generation dies out, the majority of villagers earned their income as commuters in the more or less obvious urban areas. Therefore, various efforts are being made to secure the grown landscape. With the European Village Renewal Award and the national competition " Our village has a future" to the inhabitants of the villages to maintain or improve the quality of life by encouraging active citizenship. These efforts are supported for example by means programs for village renewal. In reference to Agenda 21 it is hoped that at least the preservation of the landscape.